🎞️American Cinema – Before 1960 Unit 7 – Midterm Exam

Key Concepts and Terminology

• Mise-en-scène encompasses all elements placed in front of the camera (set design, lighting, costume, and makeup)
• Cinematography involves the technical aspects of capturing images on film (camera movement, framing, and lighting)
• Editing is the process of selecting and arranging shots to create a coherent narrative structure
  • Continuity editing maintains spatial and temporal coherence between shots
  • Soviet montage theory emphasizes the psychological and emotional impact of juxtaposing shots
• Diegetic sound originates from within the film's world (dialogue, sound effects) while non-diegetic sound comes from outside the story space (musical score, narration)
• Auteur theory posits that a film's director is the primary creative force, imprinting their personal vision on the work
• The Production Code, also known as the Hays Code, regulated film content from 1934 to 1968 to uphold "moral standards"

Early Cinema and Silent Era

• The Lumière brothers' cinématographe, invented in 1895, served as a camera, projector, and printer, enabling public film screenings
• Georges Méliès pioneered special effects and narrative storytelling in films like A Trip to the Moon (1902)
• Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery (1903) introduced cross-cutting and a coherent narrative structure
• D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916) advanced cinematic techniques like close-ups, fade-outs, and parallel editing
  • However, The Birth of a Nation's racist depiction of African Americans and glorification of the Ku Klux Klan made it highly controversial
• The rise of movie palaces in the 1920s provided a luxurious setting for film viewing and established cinema as a mainstream entertainment
• Silent era stars like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Mary Pickford became iconic figures and helped establish the star system in Hollywood

Hollywood's Golden Age

• The studio system dominated Hollywood from the 1920s to the 1960s, with major studios (Paramount, MGM, Warner Bros., RKO, and 20th Century Fox) controlling production, distribution, and exhibition
• The star system promoted actors as larger-than-life figures, often under long-term contracts with specific studios
• The Production Code, implemented in 1934, censored "immoral" content and shaped film narratives and themes
  • Films like Gone with the Wind (1939) and Casablanca (1942) exemplified the era's grandeur and storytelling within Code constraints
• Film genres like screwball comedy, film noir, and the Hollywood musical thrived during this period
• The Golden Age declined in the 1950s due to factors like the Paramount Decrees, which ended vertical integration, and competition from television

Major Film Movements and Styles

• German Expressionism in the 1920s used stylized sets, lighting, and acting to convey psychological states (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, 1920)
• Soviet Montage in the 1920s, led by Sergei Eisenstein, emphasized the psychological impact of editing (Battleship Potemkin, 1925)
• French Poetic Realism in the 1930s blended realism with romantic and fatalistic themes (Le Quai des Brumes, 1938)
• Italian Neorealism in the 1940s and 1950s depicted the struggles of everyday people using non-professional actors and location shooting (Bicycle Thieves, 1948)
• Film Noir in the 1940s and 1950s featured cynical attitudes, moral ambiguity, and stark lighting and camera angles (Double Indemnity, 1944)
  • Characteristics include femme fatales, anti-heroes, and a pessimistic worldview

Influential Directors and Auteurs

• Charlie Chaplin was a pioneering silent era director, actor, and composer known for his iconic "Tramp" character and socially conscious themes (Modern Times, 1936)
• John Ford was a prolific director who helped define the Western genre and influenced generations of filmmakers (Stagecoach, 1939; The Searchers, 1956)
• Alfred Hitchcock, the "Master of Suspense," crafted psychological thrillers that explored the dark side of human nature (Rear Window, 1954; Vertigo, 1958)
  • His distinctive style included subjective camera angles, voyeuristic themes, and the "MacGuffin" plot device
• Orson Welles, a prodigy in theater and radio, revolutionized cinema with his innovative use of deep focus, long takes, and non-linear storytelling (Citizen Kane, 1941)
• Howard Hawks excelled in a variety of genres, from screwball comedy to Western and film noir, often featuring strong female characters and rapid-fire dialogue (His Girl Friday, 1940; Rio Bravo, 1959)

Technological Advancements

• The introduction of synchronized sound in the late 1920s, starting with The Jazz Singer (1927), marked the end of the silent era and the beginning of the "talkies"
  • This transition required new filming techniques, such as the use of multiple cameras and sound-proofed stages
• Technicolor's three-strip color process, used in films like The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Gone with the Wind (1939), brought vibrant color to the screen
• The development of deep focus photography, as showcased in Citizen Kane (1941), allowed for greater depth of field and more complex visual compositions
• The introduction of widescreen formats like CinemaScope in the 1950s aimed to differentiate cinema from television and provide a more immersive viewing experience (The Robe, 1953)
• Advances in special effects, such as the use of matte paintings, rear projection, and stop-motion animation, expanded the possibilities for cinematic storytelling (King Kong, 1933)

Genre Evolution

• The Western genre, popularized by films like The Great Train Robbery (1903) and Stagecoach (1939), mythologized the American frontier experience
  • Later Westerns like High Noon (1952) and The Searchers (1956) introduced more complex themes and characterizations
• The screwball comedy, epitomized by It Happened One Night (1934) and Bringing Up Baby (1938), featured fast-paced, witty dialogue and often explored class and gender roles
• The film noir genre, which emerged in the 1940s, reflected post-war disillusionment and moral ambiguity (The Maltese Falcon, 1941; Double Indemnity, 1944)
• The Hollywood musical, showcased in films like 42nd Street (1933) and Singin' in the Rain (1952), provided escapist entertainment and showcased the talents of performers like Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly
• Science fiction films like Metropolis (1927) and Forbidden Planet (1956) explored futuristic themes and pushed the boundaries of special effects

Cultural and Historical Context

• The Great Depression of the 1930s influenced films like The Grapes of Wrath (1940), which depicted the struggles of the working class
• World War II had a significant impact on Hollywood, with many films promoting patriotism and the war effort (Casablanca, 1942; Mrs. Miniver, 1942)
  • The post-war period saw a shift towards more cynical and realistic themes in films like The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
• The Cold War and the threat of nuclear annihilation influenced science fiction films of the 1950s, such as Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
• The Civil Rights Movement and changing social attitudes began to challenge Hollywood's representation of race and ethnicity in films like Pinky (1949) and Imitation of Life (1959)
• The rise of youth culture and rebellious attitudes in the 1950s was reflected in films like Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and The Wild One (1953)

Critical Analysis Techniques

• Auteur theory, developed by French critics in the 1950s, emphasizes the director's personal vision and recurring themes across their body of work
  • This approach has been applied to directors like Alfred Hitchcock, John Ford, and Howard Hawks
• Feminist film theory examines the representation of women in cinema and the ways in which films perpetuate or challenge gender stereotypes
  • Films like All About Eve (1950) and Imitation of Life (1959) offer complex portrayals of female characters and relationships
• Psychoanalytic film theory, influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, explores the unconscious desires and anxieties expressed in films
  • Alfred Hitchcock's films, such as Vertigo (1958) and Psycho (1960), are often analyzed through this lens
• Marxist film theory examines the ways in which cinema reflects and reinforces class structures and ideologies
  • Films like Modern Times (1936) and The Grapes of Wrath (1940) critique capitalist exploitation and champion working-class struggles
• Postcolonial film theory investigates the representation of colonized peoples and the legacy of imperialism in cinema
  • Films like Gunga Din (1939) and The Quiet American (1958) have been scrutinized for their depiction of colonial relationships and power dynamics