Public Health Policy and Administration

🛟Public Health Policy and Administration Unit 11 – Health Systems and Care Delivery

Health systems and care delivery form the backbone of public health infrastructure. These systems encompass organizations, institutions, and resources dedicated to producing health actions, from preventive care to specialized treatments. Understanding their components and functions is crucial for effective health policy and administration. This unit explores various health care models, financing mechanisms, and delivery approaches. It examines historical developments, current challenges, and future trends in health systems. Key topics include universal health coverage, primary care, health financing, and the impact of technological innovations on care delivery.

Key Concepts and Definitions

  • Health system encompasses all organizations, institutions, and resources devoted to producing health actions
  • Health care delivery involves providing preventive, curative, and palliative interventions through health care services
  • Universal health coverage ensures all individuals have access to needed health services without financial hardship
  • Primary care serves as the first point of contact for patients and provides comprehensive, coordinated care
  • Secondary care refers to specialized medical services typically provided by hospitals or specialists
  • Tertiary care involves highly specialized medical treatment for complex conditions (cancer, cardiovascular surgery)
  • Health financing mechanisms include government funding, social health insurance, private health insurance, and out-of-pocket payments
  • Health policy consists of decisions, plans, and actions undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society

Historical Context of Health Systems

  • Early health systems focused on treating acute illnesses and injuries rather than preventive care
  • The Flexner Report (1910) led to reforms in medical education and the closure of many substandard medical schools in the United States
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948 to promote international cooperation for improved health conditions
  • The Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) emphasized the importance of primary health care and health as a fundamental human right
  • The Affordable Care Act (2010) expanded health insurance coverage and introduced reforms to the U.S. health care system
    • Provisions included individual mandates, subsidies for low-income individuals, and the expansion of Medicaid
  • The COVID-19 pandemic (2020-present) exposed weaknesses in health systems worldwide and highlighted the need for preparedness and resilience

Types of Health Care Systems

  • Beveridge Model features government-funded and operated health care services (United Kingdom, Spain)
    • Financed through taxes and ensures universal coverage for all citizens
  • Bismarck Model relies on compulsory social health insurance funded by employers and employees (Germany, France)
    • Multiple non-profit insurers compete for members while the government closely regulates the system
  • National Health Insurance Model combines elements of the Beveridge and Bismarck models (Canada, Taiwan)
    • Government is the sole payer for health services, but delivery remains largely in private hands
  • Out-of-Pocket Model lacks a robust public health system, and individuals pay for services directly (many developing countries)
  • Mixed Model incorporates aspects of different health care systems (United States, Australia)
    • Often includes a combination of public and private financing and delivery mechanisms

Health Care Delivery Models

  • Fee-for-service model reimburses providers for each service rendered, which can incentivize overutilization
  • Capitation model pays providers a fixed amount per enrolled patient, encouraging cost containment and preventive care
  • Pay-for-performance model rewards providers for meeting predetermined quality and efficiency metrics
  • Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are groups of providers that coordinate care and share financial risk for a defined patient population
  • Patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) provide comprehensive, team-based primary care with a focus on care coordination and quality improvement
  • Telemedicine involves the use of telecommunications technology to deliver health care services remotely (video consultations, remote monitoring)

Financing and Economics of Health Care

  • Government financing sources include general taxation, earmarked taxes, and deficit financing
  • Social health insurance is typically funded through payroll taxes and managed by quasi-governmental organizations
  • Private health insurance can be purchased by individuals or provided by employers as a benefit
  • Out-of-pocket payments include deductibles, copayments, and direct payments for services not covered by insurance
  • Health care expenditures have been rising due to factors such as population aging, technological advancements, and increased prevalence of chronic diseases
  • Cost containment strategies include price regulation, utilization management, and promoting generic drug use
  • Value-based purchasing aims to align provider reimbursement with the quality and efficiency of care delivered

Policy and Regulation in Health Systems

  • Health policy goals often include improving access, quality, and affordability of care
  • Government agencies (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) oversee health care regulation and payment in the United States
  • Professional organizations (American Medical Association) play a role in shaping health policy through advocacy and guidelines
  • Licensing and accreditation ensure that health care providers and facilities meet minimum quality standards
  • Health technology assessment evaluates the clinical and cost-effectiveness of new interventions to inform coverage decisions
  • Antitrust laws prevent anticompetitive practices and promote competition in health care markets
  • Privacy regulations (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) protect the confidentiality of patient health information

Challenges and Current Issues

  • Health disparities persist across socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic groups, highlighting the need for health equity initiatives
  • Rising health care costs strain government budgets, employers, and individuals
  • Workforce shortages, particularly in primary care and rural areas, can limit access to care
  • Fragmentation of care delivery can lead to duplication of services, medical errors, and suboptimal outcomes
  • Antimicrobial resistance poses a growing threat to public health and requires judicious use of antibiotics
  • Mental health and substance use disorders are prevalent and often undertreated, requiring integrated care approaches
  • Health information technology adoption has been slow, hindering efforts to improve care coordination and quality
  • Precision medicine tailors treatment based on an individual's genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors
  • Artificial intelligence and machine learning can support clinical decision-making and streamline administrative tasks
  • Wearable devices and remote monitoring enable continuous, real-time tracking of health data
  • 3D printing can create personalized medical devices and implants
  • Regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapies, holds promise for treating chronic diseases and injuries
  • Value-based care models will continue to evolve, emphasizing quality, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness
  • Social determinants of health will receive increased attention, with interventions targeting upstream factors (housing, education, employment)
  • Global health collaboration will be essential to address transnational health threats and promote health equity


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.

© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.