Stock Valuation Models to Know for Intro to Investments

Stock valuation models help determine a company's worth by analyzing various financial metrics. These models, like the Dividend Discount Model and Price-to-Earnings Ratio, are essential tools in corporate finance and investment analysis for making informed decisions.

  1. Dividend Discount Model (DDM)

    • Values a stock based on the present value of its expected future dividends.
    • Assumes dividends will grow at a constant rate indefinitely.
    • Useful for valuing companies with a stable dividend payout history.
  2. Gordon Growth Model

    • A specific type of DDM that assumes a constant growth rate for dividends.
    • Formula: Price = D1 / (r - g), where D1 is the expected dividend, r is the required rate of return, and g is the growth rate.
    • Best suited for mature companies with predictable dividend growth.
  3. Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) Model

    • Calculates the cash available to equity shareholders after all expenses, reinvestments, and debt repayments.
    • Focuses on the company's ability to generate cash rather than just profits.
    • Useful for valuing companies that do not pay dividends.
  4. Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio

    • Compares a company's current share price to its earnings per share (EPS).
    • Indicates how much investors are willing to pay for $1 of earnings.
    • High P/E may suggest overvaluation or growth expectations, while low P/E may indicate undervaluation.
  5. Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio

    • Compares a company's market value to its book value (assets minus liabilities).
    • A P/B ratio less than 1 may indicate that the stock is undervalued.
    • Useful for assessing companies with significant tangible assets.
  6. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Model

    • Estimates the value of an investment based on its expected future cash flows, discounted back to their present value.
    • Requires estimating future cash flows and determining an appropriate discount rate.
    • Widely used for valuing companies with varying cash flow patterns.
  7. Comparable Company Analysis

    • Involves valuing a company based on the valuation multiples of similar companies in the same industry.
    • Common multiples include P/E, EV/EBITDA, and P/B ratios.
    • Provides a market-based perspective on valuation.
  8. Asset-Based Valuation

    • Values a company based on the net value of its assets, both tangible and intangible.
    • Useful for companies with significant physical assets or in liquidation scenarios.
    • May not reflect the true earning potential of the business.
  9. Residual Income Model

    • Values a company based on the income generated above the required return on equity.
    • Focuses on the profitability of a company after accounting for the cost of capital.
    • Useful for assessing companies with fluctuating earnings.
  10. Earnings Multiplier Model

    • A variation of the P/E ratio that uses a multiplier to project future earnings based on current earnings.
    • Helps in estimating the future value of a company based on its earnings growth potential.
    • Useful for comparing companies with different growth rates.


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ยฉ 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
APยฎ and SATยฎ are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.