Major Middle Eastern Musical Instruments to Know for Music of the Middle East

Middle Eastern music is rich and diverse, featuring unique instruments that shape its sound. From the soulful oud to the rhythmic darabuka, each instrument plays a vital role in creating the melodies and rhythms that define this vibrant musical tradition.

1. Oud

   • A pear-shaped string instrument, often considered the predecessor to the lute.
   • Typically has 11 strings grouped in 5 courses, played with a plectrum.
   • Central to Arabic music, used in both solo and ensemble performances.
   • Known for its rich, warm sound and expressive capabilities.

2. Qanun

   • A large zither-like instrument with 26 strings, played by plucking with the fingers or plectra.
   • Features a trapezoidal shape and is often placed on the lap or a table.
   • Integral to Middle Eastern music, providing harmonic support and melodic lines.
   • Tuned in a way that allows for microtonal variations, essential for traditional scales.

3. Ney

   • An end-blown flute made from reed, known for its breathy, haunting sound.
   • One of the oldest musical instruments in the world, used in various cultures.
   • Played in a variety of musical genres, including Sufi music and classical Arabic music.
   • Requires precise breath control and finger placement for different pitches.

4. Darbuka

   • A goblet-shaped drum, also known as a doumbek, made from ceramic or metal.
   • Played with the hands, producing a range of tones from deep bass to sharp slaps.
   • Commonly used in folk music, dance, and celebratory events across the Middle East.
   • Essential for maintaining rhythm in both traditional and contemporary ensembles.

5. Tar

   • A frame drum with a circular shape, often covered with animal skin.
   • Played with the hands, producing a variety of sounds and rhythms.
   • Used in both folk and classical music, often accompanying vocal performances.
   • Its versatility allows it to blend seamlessly with other instruments.

6. Santoor

   • A hammered dulcimer with a trapezoidal shape, played with mallets.
   • Typically has 72 strings, allowing for a wide range of melodies and harmonies.
   • Prominent in Persian classical music, as well as in Indian and Middle Eastern traditions.
   • Known for its bright, resonant sound that adds texture to musical compositions.

7. Saz

   • A long-necked lute with a fretted fingerboard, commonly used in Turkish music.
   • Typically has 3 to 5 strings, played with a plectrum or fingers.
   • Integral to folk music, often accompanying singing and storytelling.
   • Its unique tuning and construction allow for a diverse range of musical expressions.

8. Rebab

   • A two-stringed bowed instrument, often made from wood and animal skin.
   • Played with a bow, producing a rich, expressive sound that is central to many Middle Eastern genres.
   • Commonly used in both classical and folk music, often accompanying vocalists.
   • Its portability makes it a popular choice for solo performances and small ensembles.

9. Zurna

   • A double-reed woodwind instrument, similar to an oboe, known for its loud, piercing sound.
   • Often used in outdoor celebrations, weddings, and folk music.
   • Typically made from wood, with a conical shape that enhances its projection.
   • Plays a crucial role in traditional ensembles, often paired with drums.

10. Riq

    • A frame drum with a distinctive tambourine-like sound, featuring jingles around the rim.
    • Played with the hands, allowing for intricate rhythms and accents.
    • Commonly used in Arabic music, particularly in folk and classical genres.
    • Its rhythmic versatility makes it a key component in both solo and ensemble performances.