Major Middle Eastern Musical Instruments

Middle Eastern music is rich and diverse, featuring unique instruments that shape its sound. From the soulful oud to the rhythmic darabuka, each instrument plays a vital role in creating the melodies and rhythms that define this vibrant musical tradition.

1. Oud

   • A pear-shaped string instrument, often considered the predecessor to the lute.
   • Typically has 11 strings grouped in 5 courses, played with a plectrum.
   • Central to Arabic music, used in both solo and ensemble performances.
   • Known for its rich, warm sound and expressive capabilities.

2. Qanun

   • A large zither-like instrument with 26 strings, played by plucking with the fingers or plectra.
   • Features a trapezoidal shape and is often placed on the lap or a table.
   • Integral to Middle Eastern music, providing harmonic support and melodic lines.
   • Tuned in a way that allows for microtonal variations, essential for traditional scales.

3. Ney

   • An end-blown flute made from reed, known for its breathy, haunting sound.
   • One of the oldest musical instruments in the world, used in various cultures.
   • Played in a variety of musical genres, including Sufi music and classical Arabic music.
   • Requires precise breath control and finger placement for different pitches.

4. Darbuka

   • A goblet-shaped drum, also known as a doumbek, made from ceramic or metal.
   • Played with the hands, producing a range of tones from deep bass to sharp slaps.
   • Commonly used in folk music, dance, and celebratory events across the Middle East.
   • Essential for maintaining rhythm in both traditional and contemporary ensembles.

5. Tar

   • A frame drum with a circular shape, often covered with animal skin.
   • Played with the hands, producing a variety of sounds and rhythms.
   • Used in both folk and classical music, often accompanying vocal performances.
   • Its versatility allows it to blend seamlessly with other instruments.

6. Santoor

   • A hammered dulcimer with a trapezoidal shape, played with mallets.
   • Typically has 72 strings, allowing for a wide range of melodies and harmonies.
   • Prominent in Persian classical music, as well as in Indian and Middle Eastern traditions.
   • Known for its bright, resonant sound that adds texture to musical compositions.

7. Saz

   • A long-necked lute with a fretted fingerboard, commonly used in Turkish music.
   • Typically has 3 to 5 strings, played with a plectrum or fingers.
   • Integral to folk music, often accompanying singing and storytelling.
   • Its unique tuning and construction allow for a diverse range of musical expressions.

8. Rebab

   • A two-stringed bowed instrument, often made from wood and animal skin.
   • Played with a bow, producing a rich, expressive sound that is central to many Middle Eastern genres.
   • Commonly used in both classical and folk music, often accompanying vocalists.
   • Its portability makes it a popular choice for solo performances and small ensembles.

9. Zurna

   • A double-reed woodwind instrument, similar to an oboe, known for its loud, piercing sound.
   • Often used in outdoor celebrations, weddings, and folk music.
   • Typically made from wood, with a conical shape that enhances its projection.
   • Plays a crucial role in traditional ensembles, often paired with drums.

10. Riq

    • A frame drum with a distinctive tambourine-like sound, featuring jingles around the rim.
    • Played with the hands, allowing for intricate rhythms and accents.
    • Commonly used in Arabic music, particularly in folk and classical genres.
    • Its rhythmic versatility makes it a key component in both solo and ensemble performances.