Key Concepts of Secondary Dominant Chords to Know for Harmonic Analysis

Secondary dominant chords play a crucial role in harmonic analysis by temporarily emphasizing non-tonic chords. They create tension and resolution, enriching musical progressions and enhancing overall harmonic interest across various styles, from classical to jazz.

1. Definition of secondary dominant chords

   • A secondary dominant is the dominant (V) chord of a chord other than the tonic in a given key.
   • It temporarily emphasizes a non-tonic chord, creating a sense of tension and resolution.
   • Secondary dominants are typically notated as V/x, where x is the chord being tonicized.

2. Roman numeral notation for secondary dominants

   • Secondary dominants are represented using Roman numerals, indicating their relationship to the key.
   • For example, in the key of C major, the secondary dominant of the ii chord (D minor) is notated as V/ii (A major).
   • The notation helps to identify the function of the chord within the harmonic progression.

3. Function and purpose of secondary dominants

   • They create a stronger pull towards a non-tonic chord, enhancing harmonic interest.
   • Secondary dominants can lead to temporary tonicizations, making the music feel more dynamic.
   • They enrich the harmonic vocabulary, allowing composers to explore more complex progressions.

4. Identifying secondary dominants in a musical score

   • Look for dominant chords (V) that resolve to chords other than the tonic.
   • Check for alterations in the chord that suggest a leading tone or tension.
   • Analyze the context of the progression to determine if a chord functions as a secondary dominant.

5. Common secondary dominant progressions

   • A common progression is V/ii to ii, leading to a resolution in the key.
   • Another example is V/vi to vi, which can create a smooth transition within a progression.
   • Secondary dominants often appear in sequences, enhancing the overall harmonic movement.

6. Resolving secondary dominants

   • Secondary dominants typically resolve to their corresponding tonicized chords.
   • The resolution often involves moving from a dominant seventh chord to a major or minor chord.
   • Proper resolution reinforces the temporary tonicization and maintains harmonic coherence.

7. Secondary dominant seventh chords

   • Secondary dominant seventh chords add an extra layer of tension before resolving.
   • They are notated as V7/x, where x is the chord being tonicized.
   • The seventh degree of the chord creates additional dissonance that resolves to the tonicized chord.

8. Tonicization vs. modulation

   • Tonicization refers to temporarily treating a non-tonic chord as a tonic through secondary dominants.
   • Modulation involves a more permanent shift to a new key, often requiring a pivot chord.
   • Understanding the difference helps in analyzing the structure and flow of a piece.

9. Secondary dominants in different musical styles

   • Common in classical, jazz, and popular music, secondary dominants enhance harmonic richness.
   • In jazz, they are often used to create chromatic movement and complex progressions.
   • Different styles may employ secondary dominants in unique ways, reflecting their harmonic language.

10. Voice leading with secondary dominants

    • Effective voice leading ensures smooth transitions between chords, especially with secondary dominants.
    • Aim for minimal movement between chord tones to maintain coherence.
    • Consider the resolution of leading tones and common tones to enhance the overall harmonic flow.