Historical Contexts

Understanding historical contexts is key to grasping the richness of Spanish and Latin American literature. From the flourishing arts of the Golden Age to revolutionary movements, these events shaped the themes and voices in the literature we study today.

1. Spanish Golden Age (Siglo de Oro)

   • A period of flourishing in arts and literature from the late 15th to the 17th century.
   • Notable figures include Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, and Francisco de Quevedo.
   • Marked by the rise of Baroque literature and the development of the Spanish novel.

2. Spanish Inquisition

   • Established in 1478 to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain.
   • Targeted conversos (converted Jews) and later Protestants, leading to widespread persecution.
   • Influenced literature by instilling themes of identity, faith, and morality in works of the period.

3. Spanish colonization of the Americas

   • Initiated in the late 15th century, leading to vast territorial expansion and wealth for Spain.
   • Resulted in significant cultural exchanges and the spread of Christianity.
   • Created a complex social hierarchy and led to the exploitation and decline of indigenous populations.

4. Mexican Revolution

   • A major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920 aimed at social and political reform in Mexico.
   • Key figures include Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, advocating for land reform and rights for the poor.
   • Influenced literature by inspiring works that reflect themes of justice, identity, and national pride.

5. Spanish Civil War

   • Fought from 1936 to 1939 between Republicans and Nationalists, leading to a dictatorship under Francisco Franco.
   • Resulted in significant cultural and political repression, impacting writers and artists.
   • Themes of conflict, loss, and resistance permeate the literature produced during and after the war.

6. Latin American Boom

   • A literary movement in the 1960s and 1970s characterized by the international success of Latin American authors.
   • Key authors include Gabriel García Márquez, Julio Cortázar, and Mario Vargas Llosa.
   • Explored themes of magical realism, identity, and social issues, reshaping global perceptions of Latin American literature.

7. Spanish-American War

   • Fought in 1898 between the United States and Spain, resulting in the U.S. gaining territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
   • Marked the decline of Spanish colonial power and the rise of American imperialism.
   • Influenced literature by prompting reflections on nationalism, identity, and the consequences of war.

8. Independence movements in Latin America

   • A series of revolutions in the early 19th century leading to the independence of various Latin American countries from Spanish rule.
   • Key figures include Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, advocating for freedom and self-determination.
   • Literature from this period often reflects themes of liberation, national identity, and the struggle against colonialism.

9. Modernismo literary movement

   • A late 19th to early 20th-century movement that sought to break away from traditional forms and explore new aesthetics.
   • Key figures include Rubén Darío and José Martí, emphasizing symbolism and modern themes.
   • Influenced the development of contemporary Latin American literature and introduced new narrative techniques.

10. The Enlightenment in Spain and Latin America

    • An intellectual movement in the 18th century emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.
    • Influenced political thought and led to calls for reform and independence in Latin America.
    • Literature from this period often reflects Enlightenment ideals, questioning authority and advocating for social progress.