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✍️Newswriting

Essential Interviewing Techniques

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Why This Matters

The interview is where journalism actually happens. You can research endlessly and write beautifully, but if you can't extract meaningful information from sources, your stories will fall flat. Strong interviewing skills separate reporters who get surface-level quotes from those who uncover the real story—the kind of reporting that wins awards, holds power accountable, and genuinely informs the public.

You're being tested on more than just "how to ask questions." Newswriting courses evaluate your understanding of source relationships, ethical boundaries, verification practices, and strategic communication. Each technique below demonstrates a core journalistic principle: preparation shows professionalism, active listening builds trust, follow-up questions reveal depth, and verification ensures accuracy. Don't just memorize these techniques—know which principle each one serves and when to deploy it.


Building the Foundation: Pre-Interview Preparation

Great interviews are won before they begin. The preparation phase establishes your credibility, shapes your question strategy, and prevents you from wasting your source's time on information you could have found yourself.

Research Your Subject

  • Background research—knowing your interviewee's expertise, past statements, and public record lets you ask informed questions that signal competence
  • Topic familiarity prevents you from asking basic questions and allows you to challenge or probe deeper when answers seem incomplete
  • Contextual knowledge helps you identify what's newsworthy versus what's already been reported, guiding you toward fresh angles

Prepare Flexible Questions

  • Question lists provide structure but should serve as a roadmap, not a script—rigid adherence kills spontaneity
  • Prioritize your questions so the most essential ones come first; interviews often run short or get interrupted
  • Leave room for pivots because the best quotes often come from unexpected directions you couldn't have anticipated

Compare: Research vs. Question Preparation—both happen before the interview, but research informs what you ask while question prep determines how you ask it. Strong reporters do both; weak ones skip research and wonder why sources don't take them seriously.


Extracting Information: Question Strategy

How you frame questions directly determines what information you receive. Open-ended questions invite narrative; closed questions confirm facts. Strategic interviewers know when to use each.

Develop Open-Ended Questions

  • "Can you explain..." and "What happened when..." prompts encourage storytelling and reveal details you wouldn't know to ask about
  • Avoid yes/no framing unless you're confirming specific facts—binary questions yield binary answers
  • Leading questions like "Don't you think..." bias responses and undermine your credibility; keep phrasing neutral

Use Strategic Follow-Ups

  • Clarification questions ("What do you mean by...") ensure you understand before you misquote someone in print
  • Expansion prompts ("Can you give me an example?") transform abstract statements into concrete, quotable anecdotes
  • Pivot questions let you explore unexpected revelations—some of your best material comes from following the source's lead

Compare: Open-ended questions vs. Follow-ups—open-ended questions launch topics, while follow-ups drill down into them. Think of open-ended questions as casting a wide net and follow-ups as reeling in the catch.


Active Engagement: Listening and Observation

Interviewing isn't just asking questions—it's receiving answers with full attention. Active listening builds rapport, catches inconsistencies, and signals respect, all of which encourage sources to share more.

Listen Actively

  • Full attention means putting away your phone, maintaining eye contact, and resisting the urge to plan your next question while they're still talking
  • Don't interrupt—let sources complete their thoughts, even when you're excited about where they're heading
  • Verbal affirmations like "I see" or "Go on" keep the conversation flowing without inserting your own opinions

Read Non-Verbal Cues

  • Body language often reveals discomfort, hesitation, or enthusiasm that words don't capture—watch for shifts in posture or eye contact
  • Your own presence matters—crossed arms or distracted glances signal disengagement and shut sources down
  • Adjust in real-time based on what you observe; if a source tenses up, consider backing off or approaching the topic differently

Compare: Active listening vs. Reading body language—listening captures what sources say, while observation reveals what they don't say. Both skills together give you the complete picture.


Building Trust: Rapport and Ethics

Sources share more with reporters they trust. Rapport-building and ethical conduct aren't soft skills—they're strategic tools that determine whether you get surface-level answers or the real story.

Establish Rapport

  • Small talk and icebreakers ease tension and humanize you before diving into difficult questions
  • Empathy and understanding encourage openness, especially when sources are discussing sensitive or painful topics
  • Professionalism and respect establish you as someone worth talking to—sources remember how you treated them

Maintain Objectivity

  • Open-minded approach means setting aside your assumptions and letting the source's perspective emerge on its own terms
  • Neutral phrasing prevents you from telegraphing the answer you want and tainting your source's responses
  • Accurate representation in your final piece builds long-term credibility; sources talk to reporters who quoted them fairly last time

Compare: Rapport vs. Objectivity—rapport makes sources comfortable, while objectivity keeps your journalism credible. The tension between "being friendly" and "staying neutral" is real; skilled interviewers balance both without compromising either.


Protecting Your Work: Documentation and Verification

Everything you gather in an interview is useless if you can't prove it's accurate. Documentation creates a record; verification ensures that record reflects truth.

Document Accurately

  • Recording devices (with explicit permission) capture exact wording and protect you from "I never said that" disputes
  • Note-taking supplements recordings by flagging key moments, capturing your observations, and providing backup if technology fails
  • Immediate review after the interview helps you fill gaps while memory is fresh and identify areas needing clarification

Respect Boundaries

  • Punctuality and time limits show professionalism and increase the chance sources will talk to you again
  • Privacy boundaries matter—don't pry into irrelevant personal matters just because you're curious
  • Confidentiality agreements must be honored absolutely; breaking them destroys your reputation and harms future sources

Verify Everything

  • Cross-check claims against documents, other sources, and public records before publishing
  • Follow-up contact with the interviewee clarifies ambiguous statements and catches potential misunderstandings
  • Quote accuracy is non-negotiable—misquoting a source, even slightly, is a credibility-destroying error

Compare: Documentation vs. Verification—documentation captures what was said, verification confirms it's true. Recording an interview perfectly doesn't matter if the source was lying; verification catches that.


Quick Reference Table

ConceptBest Techniques
Pre-Interview PreparationResearch your subject, Prepare flexible questions
Question StrategyOpen-ended questions, Strategic follow-ups
Active EngagementListen actively, Read non-verbal cues
Building TrustEstablish rapport, Maintain objectivity
DocumentationRecording devices, Note-taking, Immediate review
Ethical BoundariesRespect time/privacy, Honor confidentiality
Accuracy AssuranceCross-check claims, Verify quotes

Self-Check Questions

  1. Which two techniques both happen before the interview but serve different purposes? Explain what each accomplishes.

  2. If a source gives you a vague answer about a controversial decision, which technique should you deploy next—and why?

  3. Compare and contrast building rapport with maintaining objectivity. How can a reporter do both in the same interview without compromising either?

  4. A source claims something surprising during your interview. What steps should you take before including this claim in your published story?

  5. You notice a source's body language shifts dramatically when you ask about budget decisions—they cross their arms and break eye contact. What might this indicate, and how should you respond?