Aztec Social Classes to Know for History of Aztec Mexico and New Spain

The social structure of the Aztec Empire was complex, featuring distinct classes that shaped daily life and governance. From the elite Pipiltin to the laboring Macehualtin, each group played a vital role in the empire's functioning and culture.

1. Pipiltin (nobles)

   • The Pipiltin were the elite class, often holding high political and military positions.
   • They owned large estates and had access to luxury goods and education.
   • Nobility was often hereditary, with lineage playing a crucial role in status.
   • They were responsible for governance and maintaining order within their territories.

2. Macehualtin (commoners)

   • The Macehualtin made up the majority of the population and were primarily farmers and laborers.
   • They had limited rights compared to the nobility but could own land and participate in local governance.
   • Their work was essential for the economy, providing food and resources for the society.
   • Social mobility was possible, as some commoners could rise to higher status through achievements.

3. Pochteca (merchants)

   • The Pochteca were specialized traders who played a vital role in the economy by facilitating long-distance trade.
   • They often traveled extensively, bringing goods from distant regions and contributing to cultural exchange.
   • Wealthy Pochteca could gain significant influence and status, sometimes rivaling the nobility.
   • They were also responsible for gathering intelligence and information about other cultures and territories.

4. Tlacotin (slaves)

   • Tlacotin were individuals who were enslaved, often as a result of war, debt, or punishment.
   • They had no rights and were considered property, but some could earn their freedom.
   • Slavery was not based on race; it was more about social status and circumstances.
   • Slaves could work in various roles, including domestic service, labor, and even skilled trades.

5. Tlamacazqui (priests)

   • The Tlamacazqui were religious leaders responsible for conducting rituals and maintaining the spiritual life of the community.
   • They held significant power and influence, often advising rulers and participating in governance.
   • Education and training were essential for priests, as they were custodians of knowledge and tradition.
   • Their role was crucial in maintaining the favor of the gods, which was believed to ensure societal stability.

6. Tequihuah (warriors)

   • The Tequihuah were the military class, responsible for defending the empire and expanding its territory.
   • They were highly respected and often rewarded with land and status for their bravery in battle.
   • Training began at a young age, emphasizing discipline, skill, and loyalty to the empire.
   • Their achievements in warfare were celebrated and contributed to the overall power of the Aztec state.

7. Calpuleque (clan leaders)

   • The Calpuleque were leaders of clans or groups within the Macehualtin class, overseeing local governance and community affairs.
   • They played a key role in organizing labor, resources, and social activities within their clans.
   • Their authority was based on lineage and the respect of their community members.
   • They acted as intermediaries between the commoners and the nobility, ensuring the needs of their people were addressed.