Protein Synthesis

Definition

Protein synthesis is the biological process by which cells generate new proteins, translating the genetic information encoded in DNA into functional proteins. This process involves multiple steps including transcription, where DNA is converted into messenger RNA (mRNA), and translation, where ribosomes read the mRNA sequence to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains. Understanding protein synthesis is crucial in the context of viral replication, as viruses hijack this process to produce their own proteins and replicate within host cells.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. During viral infection, viruses utilize the host's ribosomes to synthesize their own proteins, which are essential for viral replication.
2. Protein synthesis begins with transcription in the nucleus, where mRNA is formed, followed by its transport to the cytoplasm for translation.
3. The accuracy of protein synthesis is critical; errors can lead to malfunctioning proteins that may affect cellular functions.
4. Viruses often contain genes that encode for proteins capable of evading the host immune response, enhancing their ability to replicate.
5. Post-translational modifications can occur after translation, affecting the protein's function and activity within the host cell.

Review Questions

• How do viruses exploit the protein synthesis machinery of host cells during replication?
  • Viruses exploit the protein synthesis machinery by hijacking the host's ribosomes to translate their viral mRNA into proteins. This allows them to produce viral structural proteins and enzymes necessary for replication and assembly. By taking over these cellular processes, viruses can effectively bypass the normal cellular regulatory mechanisms and ensure their proliferation within the host.
• Discuss the role of transcription and translation in the overall process of protein synthesis and how this relates to viral infections.
  • Transcription and translation are critical steps in protein synthesis. In transcription, DNA is converted into mRNA in the nucleus, which then exits to the cytoplasm for translation. During translation, ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into polypeptides. In viral infections, this process is manipulated by viruses that provide their own mRNA or modify host cell machinery to favor viral protein production, thus allowing them to replicate efficiently.
• Evaluate how errors in protein synthesis could affect viral replication and how viruses may adapt to such errors.
  • Errors in protein synthesis can lead to malfunctioning or non-functional proteins, which could hinder viral replication by disrupting essential processes like assembly or immune evasion. However, some viruses have high mutation rates or possess error-prone polymerases that allow them to adapt quickly to these changes. This adaptability can result in new viral strains that may be more effective at exploiting host resources or evading immune detection, thus ensuring their survival and propagation.

Related terms

Transcription: The first step of protein synthesis, where the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed to produce mRNA.

Translation:

The process following transcription where ribosomes synthesize proteins by decoding the mRNA sequence into a chain of amino acids.

Ribosome: A molecular machine found within all living cells that facilitates the translation of mRNA into proteins.