🎨Art History I – Prehistory to Middle Ages Unit 9 – Greek Art: Geometric & Archaic Eras
Greek art from the Geometric and Archaic eras marked a pivotal shift in artistic expression. Following the Dark Ages, these periods saw the emergence of distinctive styles, from geometric patterns to more naturalistic human forms.
The evolution of Greek art reflected broader cultural and political changes. As city-states rose and trade expanded, artistic techniques advanced, culminating in the development of monumental sculpture and architectural orders that would influence art for centuries to come.
Greek art emerged following the Dark Ages, a period of cultural decline after the fall of the Mycenaean civilization (c. 1100 BCE)
The Geometric period (c. 900-700 BCE) marked the beginning of a new era in Greek art
Characterized by geometric patterns and stylized human and animal figures
Coincided with the rise of the Greek city-states and increased trade
The Archaic period (c. 700-480 BCE) saw further developments in Greek art
Influenced by contact with the Near East and Egypt through trade and colonization
Marked by the emergence of monumental sculpture and the development of the orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian)
The Persian Wars (490-479 BCE) had a significant impact on Greek art and culture
The Greek victory over the Persians led to a surge in confidence and a flourishing of the arts
The Athenian Acropolis was rebuilt and decorated with sculptures and temples during this time
Key Characteristics of Greek Art
Idealization of the human form, with an emphasis on proportion, balance, and harmony
Representation of mythological themes and religious subjects
Use of contrapposto, a pose where the weight is shifted to one leg, creating a more natural and dynamic stance
Development of the orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian), each with distinct proportions and decorative elements
Incorporation of narrative scenes and continuous friezes in sculpture and painting
Emphasis on the relationship between art and mathematics, as seen in the use of golden ratio and other proportional systems
Evolution from stylized, abstract forms to more naturalistic and lifelike representations over time
Geometric Period: Style and Innovations
Geometric art is characterized by its use of geometric patterns, such as meanders, zigzags, and concentric circles
Human and animal figures are highly stylized and flat, often composed of triangular shapes
Pottery is the most common form of art from this period, with large vessels used for storage and as grave markers
Dipylon Amphora (c. 750 BCE) is a famous example, featuring a funeral scene with mourners and chariots
Bronze figurines, such as the Geometric Bronzes from Olympia, depict humans and animals in a highly stylized manner
The introduction of the alphabetic script in the 8th century BCE allowed for the inclusion of inscriptions on pottery and other objects
The Geometric period saw the emergence of the Greek city-states and the development of a distinct Greek identity
Archaic Period: Artistic Developments
The Archaic period witnessed a gradual shift towards more naturalistic representations of the human form
Kouroi (male) and Korai (female) statues became prevalent, depicting idealized youths with stylized features and stiff, frontal poses
The Kroisos Kouros (c. 530 BCE) is a well-known example, showing the characteristic "archaic smile" and detailed musculature
The development of the orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) led to the construction of monumental temples
The Temple of Hera at Olympia (c. 600 BCE) is an early example of the Doric order
Black-figure pottery, featuring black silhouettes on a red background, became popular during this period
The François Vase (c. 570 BCE) is a masterpiece of black-figure pottery, depicting various mythological scenes
Red-figure pottery, with red figures on a black background, emerged in the late 6th century BCE, allowing for greater detail and expression
The Berlin Painter and the Kleophrades Painter were renowned red-figure pottery artists
Influential Artists and Works
Sculptors:
Kritios and Nesiotes, known for the Kritios Boy (c. 480 BCE), which marks a transition towards more naturalistic sculpture
Antenor, creator of the original bronze statues of the Tyrannicides (c. 510 BCE), depicting the assassins of the Athenian tyrant Hipparchus
Painters:
Kleitias, the painter of the François Vase (c. 570 BCE), a masterpiece of black-figure pottery
Exekias, a renowned black-figure potter and painter, known for works such as the Dionysus Cup (c. 540 BCE)
The Berlin Painter and the Kleophrades Painter, both masters of the red-figure technique
Architects:
Chersiphron and Metagenes, architects of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (c. 550 BCE), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Spintharus, architect of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi (c. 510 BCE)
Materials and Techniques
Sculpture:
Marble, especially from the islands of Paros and Naxos, was the primary material for large-scale sculpture
Bronze was used for smaller figurines and decorative elements, often created using the lost-wax casting technique
Chryselephantine sculpture, combining gold and ivory, was reserved for the most important cult statues, such as the Athena Parthenos by Phidias (c. 447-438 BCE)
Pottery:
Clay was the primary material, with different techniques used for decoration (incision, added clay, paint)
Black-figure technique involved painting figures in black slip on a red clay background, with details incised through the slip
Red-figure technique reversed this process, with figures left in red and the background painted black
Architecture:
Limestone and marble were the primary building materials for temples and other monumental structures
Wooden roof beams and terracotta tiles were used for roofing
The orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) dictated the proportions and decorative elements of columns and entablatures
Cultural and Religious Significance
Greek art was closely tied to religion, with many works depicting gods, goddesses, and mythological scenes
The Parthenon frieze (c. 443-438 BCE) depicts the Panathenaic procession, a festival in honor of Athena
Temples served as homes for the cult statues of deities and as repositories for offerings
The Parthenon (c. 447-432 BCE) housed the monumental chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos
Artistic production was often linked to important religious festivals and athletic competitions, such as the Olympic Games
Victory statues, such as the Charioteer of Delphi (c. 478-474 BCE), commemorated athletic triumphs
Art played a role in funerary practices, with grave markers and offerings depicting the deceased and scenes of mourning
The Dipylon Amphora (c. 750 BCE) is a prime example of a Geometric funerary vessel
The development of Greek art reflected the increasing wealth and power of the city-states, as well as their cultural and political rivalries
Legacy and Influence on Later Art
Greek art had a profound influence on the art of the Hellenistic period (323-31 BCE), which saw a spread of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean world following the conquests of Alexander the Great
Roman art heavily drew upon Greek models, often copying and adapting famous works
The Apollo Belvedere (c. 120-140 CE) is a Roman marble copy of a lost Greek bronze original
The rediscovery of Greek art during the Renaissance had a significant impact on artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael
Michelangelo's David (1501-1504) draws upon the tradition of the Greek kouros
Neoclassicism in the 18th and 19th centuries was inspired by the ideals and aesthetics of Greek art
Jacques-Louis David's Oath of the Horatii (1784) exemplifies the Neoclassical style
Modern artists, such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, have also found inspiration in the simplified forms and stylized figures of Greek art, particularly from the Geometric and Archaic periods