Art History I – Prehistory to Middle Ages

🎨Art History I – Prehistory to Middle Ages Unit 6 – Ancient Near Eastern Art: Early Civilizations

Ancient Near Eastern art emerged from early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, and the Levant. These cultures developed unique artistic styles influenced by their environments, religious beliefs, and political structures. Key developments include monumental architecture like ziggurats and pyramids, intricate sculptures, and advanced writing systems. Art served religious and political purposes, often depicting rulers, gods, and mythological scenes. The legacy of these civilizations continues to influence art and culture today.

Key Civilizations and Time Periods

  • Ancient Near East encompasses Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Egypt, Anatolia (Turkey), and the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan)
  • Mesopotamian civilizations include Sumer (4000-2000 BCE), Akkad (2334-2154 BCE), Babylonia (1894-1595 BCE), Assyria (1365-612 BCE)
    • Sumerian city-states (Uruk, Ur, Lagash) laid the foundation for later Mesopotamian cultures
    • Akkadian Empire united Mesopotamia under centralized rule
    • Babylonian Empire known for its legal code (Code of Hammurabi) and architectural achievements
    • Assyrian Empire expanded Mesopotamian influence through military conquests
  • Ancient Egyptian civilization (3100-30 BCE) divided into Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BCE), Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BCE), and New Kingdom (1550-1069 BCE)
    • Old Kingdom associated with the construction of the Great Pyramids (Giza)
    • New Kingdom marked the height of Egyptian power and artistic production (Temple of Karnak, Valley of the Kings)
  • Hittite Empire (1600-1178 BCE) in Anatolia known for its distinctive art style and innovations in metalworking
  • Phoenician civilization (1500-539 BCE) in the Levant renowned for its seafaring, trade, and spread of the alphabet

Geographic and Environmental Context

  • Mesopotamia situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, which provided fertile soil and water for agriculture
    • Annual flooding of the rivers required irrigation systems and centralized organization
    • Lack of stone and wood in the region led to the use of mud brick as the primary building material
  • Egypt centered around the Nile River, which provided predictable annual flooding and fertile soil for agriculture
    • Nile River served as the main transportation route, facilitating trade and communication
    • Abundance of limestone and sandstone used for monumental architecture and sculpture
  • Anatolia and the Levant characterized by diverse landscapes, including mountains, plateaus, and coastal regions
    • Proximity to the Mediterranean Sea facilitated trade and cultural exchange
    • Access to a variety of raw materials (copper, silver, wood) influenced artistic production

Major Artistic Developments

  • Development of writing systems (cuneiform in Mesopotamia, hieroglyphs in Egypt) allowed for record-keeping and communication
    • Cuneiform and hieroglyphs often incorporated into artistic designs and monuments
  • Monumental architecture (ziggurats in Mesopotamia, pyramids in Egypt) served religious and political purposes
    • Ziggurats, multi-tiered temple towers, symbolized the connection between the earthly and divine realms
    • Pyramids served as tombs for Egyptian pharaohs and represented their divine status and power
  • Sculpture evolved from stylized, abstract forms to more naturalistic representations
    • Mesopotamian statues (votive figures, royal portraits) conveyed the importance of the depicted individuals
    • Egyptian statuary adhered to strict proportions and poses, emphasizing the eternal nature of the subject
  • Relief carvings and wall paintings used to decorate palaces, temples, and tombs
    • Mesopotamian reliefs often depicted military victories, hunting scenes, and mythological narratives
    • Egyptian wall paintings and reliefs portrayed daily life, religious ceremonies, and the afterlife

Iconic Artworks and Artifacts

  • Standard of Ur (Sumerian, c. 2600-2400 BCE): a wooden box with inlaid mosaics depicting scenes of war and peace
  • Stele of Naram-Sin (Akkadian, c. 2254-2218 BCE): a victory stele showing the king as a divine figure, standing atop a mountain
  • Code of Hammurabi (Babylonian, c. 1754 BCE): a basalt stele inscribed with the king's legal code, topped by a relief of Hammurabi receiving the law from the god Shamash
  • Lamassu (Assyrian, c. 721-705 BCE): colossal guardian figures with human heads, bull or lion bodies, and wings, placed at the entrances of palaces and temples
  • Great Sphinx of Giza (Egyptian, c. 2558-2532 BCE): a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with a lion's body and a human head, associated with the pharaoh Khafre
  • Bust of Nefertiti (Egyptian, c. 1345 BCE): a painted limestone bust depicting Queen Nefertiti, renowned for its beauty and craftsmanship
  • Tomb of King Tutankhamun (Egyptian, c. 1323 BCE): a nearly intact royal tomb discovered in 1922, containing numerous treasures and artifacts

Materials and Techniques

  • Mud brick the primary building material in Mesopotamia, used for palaces, temples, and residential structures
    • Mud bricks made from a mixture of clay, water, and straw, then dried in the sun
    • Baked bricks used for more important structures and foundations
  • Stone (limestone, sandstone, granite) widely used in Egyptian architecture and sculpture
    • Limestone and sandstone quarried near the Nile River and transported to construction sites
    • Granite from Aswan used for obelisks, statues, and other prestigious projects
  • Metals (copper, bronze, gold, silver) used for decorative elements, jewelry, and small-scale sculpture
    • Lost-wax casting technique employed to create intricate metal objects
    • Hammering and embossing used to create gold and silver leaf for gilding
  • Faience, a glazed ceramic material, used for small decorative objects and jewelry
    • Faience made from ground quartz, lime, and alkali, then molded and fired
  • Painting techniques included fresco (painting on damp plaster) and tempera (pigments mixed with a binder)
    • Pigments made from natural materials (ochre, malachite, lapis lazuli)
    • Paintings often used for wall decorations in palaces, temples, and tombs

Cultural and Religious Influences

  • Mesopotamian religion centered around the worship of numerous gods and goddesses associated with natural forces and human activities
    • Ziggurats served as the earthly dwellings of the gods and the site of religious ceremonies
    • Myths and legends (Epic of Gilgamesh) reflected Mesopotamian beliefs and values
  • Egyptian religion focused on the worship of gods and goddesses, the divine nature of the pharaoh, and the afterlife
    • Temples built to house the statues of the gods and serve as the center of religious ceremonies
    • Tombs and funerary practices (mummification) designed to ensure the pharaoh's and nobles' successful journey to the afterlife
  • Kingship and the divine right to rule played a central role in both Mesopotamian and Egyptian art
    • Rulers depicted as larger than life, often engaging with the gods or performing religious duties
    • Art used to legitimize the ruler's power and reinforce their connection to the divine
  • Trade and cultural exchange led to the spread of artistic styles, motifs, and techniques across the Ancient Near East
    • Influence of Mesopotamian art on the Levant and Anatolia
    • Artistic interactions between Egypt and the Levant, particularly during the New Kingdom

Symbolism and Iconography

  • Mesopotamian art often used symbolic representations of gods and goddesses
    • Horned headdresses and animal attributes (lions, bulls, eagles) associated with specific deities
    • Mythological creatures (lamassu, griffins) served as protective symbols
  • Egyptian art employed a rich iconography to convey religious and political concepts
    • Hieroglyphs and symbols (ankh, was scepter, djed pillar) held specific meanings and were used in art and writing
    • Colors held symbolic significance (blue for the Nile and fertility, yellow for the sun and eternity)
  • Recurring motifs (rosettes, palmettes, spirals) used in architectural decoration and portable objects
    • Motifs often held symbolic or apotropaic (protective) meanings
  • Depiction of rulers and elites in idealized forms, emphasizing their power, beauty, and connection to the divine
    • Stylized and idealized representations used to convey the timeless nature of the subject
    • Strict adherence to proportions and poses in Egyptian art, particularly in the depiction of the human figure

Legacy and Impact on Later Art

  • Mesopotamian and Egyptian art had a lasting influence on the artistic traditions of the Ancient Near East and beyond
    • Influence on the art of the Persian Empire (Achaemenid and Sassanian periods)
    • Adoption and adaptation of Near Eastern motifs and techniques in the art of the Aegean (Minoan and Mycenaean) and Classical Greece
  • Rediscovery and fascination with Ancient Near Eastern art in the modern era
    • Influence on 19th and 20th-century art movements (Orientalism, Art Deco)
    • Incorporation of Near Eastern motifs and styles in modern and contemporary art
  • Continuing archaeological discoveries and research contribute to our understanding and appreciation of Ancient Near Eastern art
    • Ongoing excavations in Iraq, Egypt, and the Levant reveal new insights into the art and culture of these civilizations
    • Advancements in conservation and preservation techniques ensure the survival and study of Ancient Near Eastern artworks for future generations


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.