Art History I – Prehistory to Middle Ages

🎨Art History I – Prehistory to Middle Ages Unit 12 – Roman Art: Republic to Early Empire

Roman art from the Republic to Early Empire spans a transformative period in history. It reflects the shift from a complex republican system to imperial rule under Augustus, showcasing evolving artistic styles and cultural influences. This era saw the development of veristic portraiture, classical idealization, and monumental architecture. Key works like the Pantheon and Ara Pacis exemplify Roman engineering and artistic prowess, while also serving as powerful tools for political propaganda and social cohesion.

Key Historical Context

  • Roman Republic lasted from 509 BC to 27 BC marked by a system of elected officials and a complex government structure
  • Expansion of Roman territory through military conquests led to increased wealth and cultural exchange (Greece, Egypt)
  • Social hierarchy divided citizens into distinct classes (patricians, plebeians) which influenced patronage and artistic representation
  • Political instability and civil wars characterized the Late Republic period eventually leading to the rise of Julius Caesar and the Roman Empire
  • Augustus, the first Roman emperor, ushered in a period of peace and stability known as the Pax Romana (27 BC - AD 180)
    • Significant economic growth and artistic patronage occurred during this time
    • Imperial family became major patrons of art and architecture
  • Early Empire saw further territorial expansion and consolidation of power under successive emperors (Tiberius, Claudius, Nero)

Artistic Periods and Styles

  • Roman art initially influenced by Etruscan and Greek styles with a focus on realism and idealization
  • Republican period characterized by veristic portraiture emphasizing individual features and expressions
    • Portraits served as ancestral records and political propaganda
  • Hellenistic influences became more prominent in the Late Republic with the incorporation of Greek artistic techniques and mythological themes
  • Augustan period marked a shift towards classicism and idealization in art and architecture
    • Promoted a sense of unity and stability through consistent artistic style
  • Early Empire saw a continuation of classical style with increasing emphasis on ornamental details and narrative scenes
    • Development of distinct Roman styles in wall painting (Four Pompeian Styles) and relief sculpture
  • Emergence of provincial styles reflecting local traditions and influences in the empire's periphery

Major Artworks and Monuments

  • Temples: Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Pantheon, Maison Carrée
    • Served religious and political functions, showcasing Roman engineering and design
  • Triumphal arches: Arch of Titus, Arch of Constantine
    • Commemorated military victories and imperial achievements through relief sculpture and inscriptions
  • Portraits: Bust of Cicero, Augustus of Prima Porta, Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
    • Represented individuals in a realistic or idealized manner, conveying social status and political power
  • Historical reliefs: Ara Pacis Augustae, Trajan's Column, Column of Marcus Aurelius
    • Narrated important events and military campaigns, glorifying the achievements of emperors and the state
  • Frescoes and mosaics: Villa of the Mysteries, House of the Faun, Pompeian wall paintings
    • Decorated domestic and public spaces with mythological scenes, landscapes, and geometric patterns
  • Sculptures: Laocoön and His Sons, Farnese Hercules, Apollo Belvedere
    • Depicted gods, heroes, and mythological figures in a highly naturalistic and expressive manner

Materials and Techniques

  • Stone: marble, limestone, and travertine commonly used for architecture and sculpture
    • Quarried from various locations across the empire (Carrara, Paros) and transported to building sites
  • Bronze: used for sculptures, decorative elements, and utilitarian objects
    • Lost-wax casting technique allowed for the creation of hollow and intricate sculptures
  • Terracotta: used for architectural decorations, votives, and small-scale sculptures
  • Fresco: wall painting technique involving the application of pigments to wet plaster
    • Allowed for vivid colors and durable surfaces
  • Mosaic: decorative technique using small tesserae (pieces) of stone, glass, or ceramic to create patterns and images
  • Stucco: fine plaster used for decorative reliefs and moldings in architecture
  • Concrete: revolutionary building material enabling the construction of large-scale structures (aqueducts, domes)
    • Composed of lime mortar, volcanic ash, and aggregate

Influential Artists and Patrons

  • Sculptors: Apollonius of Athens, Cleomenes of Athens, Pasiteles
    • Created renowned works in the classical style, often inspired by Greek originals
  • Painters: Fabullus, Famulus, Studius
    • Known for their contributions to the development of Roman wall painting styles
  • Architects: Vitruvius, Rabirius, Apollodorus of Damascus
    • Designed major public buildings and wrote treatises on architectural principles and techniques
  • Imperial patrons: Augustus, Hadrian, Trajan
    • Commissioned extensive building projects and artistic programs to promote their political agendas and legitimacy
  • Private patrons: Cicero, Maecenas, Piso family
    • Supported artists and poets, using art to display their wealth, status, and cultural refinement

Symbolism and Iconography

  • Imperial imagery: laurel wreaths, purple robes, and eagle symbolized imperial power and divine authority
  • Mythological figures: gods and heroes (Jupiter, Hercules) represented virtues and ideals associated with the state and emperors
  • Personifications: abstract concepts (Victory, Fortune, Peace) depicted as human figures with identifying attributes
  • Military symbols: weapons, armor, and captives signified Roman military prowess and conquest
  • Agricultural motifs: garlands, cornucopias, and vegetation symbolized abundance, fertility, and prosperity
  • Astrological and cosmological elements: zodiac signs, planets, and celestial bodies reflected Roman beliefs and worldviews
  • Portraits and ancestor masks: emphasized lineage, social status, and the importance of family ties in Roman society

Cultural and Social Impacts

  • Art and architecture served as propaganda tools to communicate political messages and reinforce social hierarchies
  • Public monuments and spaces (forums, basilicas) fostered a sense of community and shared identity among citizens
  • Triumphal processions and monuments celebrated military victories and reinforced the power of the state
  • Artistic patronage and collecting became markers of social status and cultural sophistication among the elite
  • Art and architecture reflected the cultural diversity of the Roman Empire, incorporating styles and influences from conquered territories
  • Religious art and architecture played a significant role in Roman ritual practices and the veneration of deities
  • Domestic art and decoration (frescoes, mosaics) provided insight into Roman daily life, values, and aesthetics

Legacy and Influence on Later Art

  • Roman art and architecture served as a foundation for the development of Western art
  • Classical style and proportions influenced the Renaissance and Neoclassical movements
  • Roman architectural innovations (arches, vaults, domes) continued to be employed in later periods (Romanesque, Gothic)
  • Surviving Roman artworks and monuments became the subject of study, admiration, and imitation for centuries
    • Served as models for artists and architects during the Renaissance and beyond
  • Roman art and architecture shaped the visual language of power and authority in later empires and states (Byzantine, Holy Roman)
  • Rediscovery and excavation of Roman sites (Pompeii, Herculaneum) in the 18th and 19th centuries fueled a renewed interest in classical art and culture
  • Roman art continues to inspire and inform contemporary artists, architects, and designers, serving as a testament to its enduring legacy


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.

© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.