Achilles

Definition

Achilles is a legendary hero from Greek mythology, best known for his role in the Trojan War and as the central character in Homer's epic poem, the Iliad. He embodies the archetype of the epic hero, demonstrating both immense strength and tragic vulnerability, particularly through his infamous heel that ultimately leads to his downfall. His story explores themes of honor, glory, and the consequences of pride, making him a pivotal figure in the landscape of ancient mythology.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Achilles was prophesied to die young but achieve great glory in battle, which he ultimately embraces during the Trojan War.
2. His legendary rage after Patroclus's death leads him to confront Hector, resulting in Hector's demise and a crucial turning point in the Iliad.
3. Achilles is often associated with the concept of 'arete,' or excellence, representing the highest ideals of Greek heroism.
4. The term 'Achilles' heel' originates from his myth, symbolizing a person's singular vulnerability despite their strengths.
5. His character represents the struggle between fate and free will, as he grapples with his destiny throughout the epic.

Review Questions

• How does Achilles exemplify the characteristics of an epic hero in Greek mythology?
  • Achilles exemplifies the characteristics of an epic hero through his unparalleled strength and combat skills, which make him central to the events of the Trojan War. He embodies traits such as bravery and honor but also displays tragic flaws like pride and rage. These qualities resonate throughout his interactions with other characters, particularly during critical moments that shape the narrative of the Iliad.
• Discuss the significance of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus and how it influences his actions in the Iliad.
  • Achilles' relationship with Patroclus is crucial to understanding his character arc in the Iliad. Their deep bond illustrates themes of friendship and loyalty, especially highlighted by Patroclus's decision to wear Achilles' armor in battle. This act leads to Patroclus’s death at Hector's hands, provoking Achilles' wrath and subsequent quest for revenge that shifts the course of the war, emphasizing how personal loss can fuel heroic actions.
• Evaluate how Achilles' story reflects larger mythological themes present in both Greek epics and later literature, such as those found in Shakespeare's works.
  • Achilles' story reflects larger mythological themes like honor, pride, and mortality that resonate through various narratives in both Greek epics and later literature, including Shakespeare’s plays. His internal struggles with fate versus free will mirror characters like Macbeth or Hamlet who face their own destinies shaped by personal choices and external forces. This connection reveals a timeless exploration of human emotions and moral dilemmas, bridging classical mythology with Renaissance themes.

Related terms

Hector:

Hector is a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior of Troy, known for his noble character and honorable actions against Achilles during the Trojan War.

Patroclus: Patroclus is Achilles' closest companion whose death at the hands of Hector drives Achilles to seek revenge, showcasing themes of friendship and loyalty.

Thetis:

Thetis is Achilles' mother, a sea goddess who plays a significant role in his life by attempting to protect him from his fate and influencing events during the Trojan War.