Stephen Krashen

Definition

Stephen Krashen is a prominent linguist and educational researcher known for his theories on second language acquisition, particularly the Input Hypothesis. His work emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input and the role of affective factors in learning a new language, contributing significantly to our understanding of how individuals acquire a second language effectively.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Krashen's Input Hypothesis asserts that learners acquire language best when they are exposed to input that is understandable yet challenging, known as 'i+1'.
2. He introduced the Affective Filter Hypothesis to explain how emotional states can either facilitate or obstruct language learning.
3. Krashen argues that formal grammar instruction has limited effectiveness compared to acquiring language through natural exposure and meaningful use.
4. His theories have influenced second language teaching methodologies, leading to more communicative approaches in classrooms around the world.
5. Krashen's research also highlights the significance of reading for pleasure in developing language proficiency and overall literacy skills.

Review Questions

• How does Krashen's Input Hypothesis define effective language acquisition, and what are its key components?
  • Krashen's Input Hypothesis defines effective language acquisition as occurring when learners receive 'comprehensible input' that is just beyond their current level of understanding, referred to as 'i+1'. The key components include exposure to meaningful communication, a focus on understanding rather than explicit grammar instruction, and the importance of contextualized learning experiences. This approach suggests that students learn best when they are engaged with material that they can comprehend with some effort.
• Discuss the implications of the Affective Filter Hypothesis for second language teaching practices.
  • The Affective Filter Hypothesis implies that teachers need to create a positive emotional environment for their students to facilitate language learning. Factors such as motivation, anxiety, and self-esteem play crucial roles in whether learners are open to acquiring a new language. If a student experiences high levels of anxiety or lacks motivation, their 'affective filter' may be raised, blocking incoming language input. Therefore, fostering a supportive classroom atmosphere where students feel confident and motivated can significantly enhance their ability to learn a second language.
• Evaluate the impact of Stephen Krashen's theories on contemporary second language acquisition methods and educational practices.
  • Stephen Krashen's theories have had a profound impact on contemporary second language acquisition methods by shifting focus from traditional grammar-based instruction to more communicative and immersive approaches. His emphasis on comprehensible input and the importance of emotional factors has led educators to prioritize meaningful interaction in the classroom over rote memorization. As a result, many modern language programs now incorporate activities that promote natural communication, real-life interactions, and reading for pleasure. Evaluating these shifts shows that Krashen’s work has not only shaped pedagogical strategies but has also encouraged further research into effective ways to enhance second language learning outcomes.

Related terms

Comprehensible Input:

A concept introduced by Krashen that refers to language input that is slightly above the current proficiency level of the learner, enabling them to understand and learn new language structures.

Affective Filter Hypothesis: A theory proposed by Krashen suggesting that emotional factors such as anxiety, motivation, and self-confidence can influence language acquisition; a high affective filter can hinder learning.

Natural Approach: An instructional method developed by Krashen and Tracy Terrell that emphasizes exposure to meaningful communication in a relaxed environment, facilitating language acquisition without forced grammar instruction.