Capability Approach

Definition

The capability approach is a theoretical framework that focuses on what individuals are able to do and to be, emphasizing their freedom to achieve well-being and the importance of individual capabilities. It moves beyond traditional measures of development, like GDP, by looking at the actual opportunities people have to lead fulfilling lives, which connects deeply with concepts of justice and equality.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The capability approach was developed by economist Amartya Sen in the 1980s and has significantly influenced development theory and policy.
2. It highlights the importance of personal agency, suggesting that development should enhance individuals' capabilities rather than just increase economic growth.
3. This approach promotes assessing quality of life through capability indicators rather than solely relying on income or consumption measures.
4. It emphasizes the role of social and institutional factors in shaping individual capabilities, recognizing that inequality can limit opportunities for marginalized groups.
5. The capability approach has been foundational in informing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in addressing poverty and inequality.

Review Questions

• How does the capability approach redefine development compared to traditional economic metrics?
  • The capability approach redefines development by shifting focus from traditional economic metrics like GDP to what individuals can actually do with their lives. It emphasizes enhancing personal freedoms and opportunities, making quality of life central to development discussions. This shift means that policies should aim to expand individual capabilities and well-being rather than just increasing overall economic output.
• Discuss how the capability approach relates to measuring poverty beyond just income levels.
  • The capability approach relates to measuring poverty by highlighting that poverty is not just a lack of income but also a deprivation of essential capabilities. This means that individuals may be considered poor if they lack access to education, health care, or social participation, even if they have a certain level of income. By focusing on what people can actually achieve in their lives, it calls for a more nuanced understanding of poverty that incorporates social and structural factors.
• Evaluate the implications of the capability approach for implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
  • The implications of the capability approach for implementing the SDGs are profound as it encourages a focus on enhancing individual freedoms and capabilities across all goals. This perspective informs policies aimed at reducing inequalities by ensuring that all individuals have access to resources and opportunities necessary for achieving their potential. By prioritizing capabilities over mere economic growth, it challenges stakeholders to address systemic barriers that hinder marginalized groups from thriving, thereby aligning with the SDGs' mission to leave no one behind.

Related terms

Functionings: Functionings refer to the various things a person may value doing or being, such as being healthy, educated, or participating in social activities.

Well-being: Well-being encompasses the quality of life experienced by individuals, considering their happiness, health, and the ability to pursue personal goals.

Social Justice: Social justice relates to the fair distribution of resources and opportunities within a society, aiming to ensure that all individuals can achieve their potential.