Late nineteenth-century

Definition

The late nineteenth-century refers to the period from the 1870s to the turn of the 20th century, characterized by significant changes across various fields including politics, society, culture, and technology. This era saw the rise of industrialization, nationalism, and new ideologies that reshaped Europe and influenced global dynamics.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The late nineteenth-century witnessed rapid urbanization as people moved to cities in search of jobs created by industrial growth.
2. This period was marked by a surge in nationalism, leading to unification movements such as Italy and Germany, which dramatically changed the political landscape of Europe.
3. Technological advancements, such as the telegraph and railroads, revolutionized communication and transportation, enhancing economic integration.
4. Social reforms emerged in response to the challenges of industrialization, including labor laws aimed at improving working conditions and addressing child labor.
5. Cultural movements like Impressionism in art reflected a shift toward individual expression and perception during this dynamic time.

Review Questions

• How did industrialization during the late nineteenth-century influence social structures in Europe?
  • Industrialization led to significant changes in social structures as people flocked to urban areas for work. This movement created a distinct working class that faced harsh labor conditions, while a new middle class emerged from industrial entrepreneurs. The shift in population dynamics contributed to the rise of labor movements advocating for workers' rights, reflecting a growing awareness of social inequalities that would shape future reforms.
• Evaluate the impact of nationalism on European politics during the late nineteenth-century.
  • Nationalism had a profound impact on European politics during the late nineteenth-century by fueling unification efforts and independence movements. The unification of Germany and Italy demonstrated how nationalist sentiments could successfully reshape political boundaries and create new nation-states. However, this rise of nationalism also intensified rivalries between nations, contributing to diplomatic tensions that would later play a significant role in World War I.
• Assess how cultural developments in the late nineteenth-century reflected broader societal changes and tensions.
  • Cultural developments during the late nineteenth-century mirrored the societal changes brought on by industrialization and urbanization. Artistic movements like Impressionism broke away from traditional forms, emphasizing personal perspective and the transient effects of light, reflecting the complexities of modern life. Literature also evolved with writers exploring themes of alienation and social critique, capturing the tension between progress and the often harsh realities faced by individuals in rapidly changing societies.

Related terms

Industrial Revolution:

A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, leading to urbanization and changes in labor and production methods.

Nationalism:

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, often resulting in a desire for self-governance and independence from foreign control.

Social Darwinism:

An ideology that applied the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and social inequalities.