Capabilities approach

Definition

The capabilities approach is a theoretical framework in political philosophy that emphasizes individuals' actual abilities to achieve valuable functionings, rather than merely focusing on resources or utility. This perspective shifts the focus from income and wealth to what people can do with their lives, promoting a broader understanding of social justice and human development.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The capabilities approach was popularized by economist Amartya Sen and philosopher Martha Nussbaum, emphasizing human potential over mere economic indicators.
2. This approach argues that social arrangements should be evaluated based on how they expand people's capabilities and opportunities for leading fulfilling lives.
3. It challenges traditional welfare economics by focusing on individual agency and freedom, rather than just measuring poverty through income levels.
4. The capabilities approach has been influential in informing policies related to human development and poverty alleviation across various global contexts.
5. Critics argue that the capabilities approach can be vague in defining which capabilities are essential and how to measure them effectively.

Review Questions

• How does the capabilities approach differ from traditional welfare economics in its assessment of human well-being?
  • The capabilities approach differs from traditional welfare economics by prioritizing individuals' actual abilities to achieve valued functionings rather than solely focusing on income or wealth. While welfare economics often measures well-being through monetary indicators, the capabilities approach emphasizes human potential and freedom, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of what constitutes a fulfilling life. This shift highlights the importance of social arrangements that enable individuals to lead lives they have reason to value.
• Discuss the implications of the capabilities approach for social justice and policy-making.
  • The implications of the capabilities approach for social justice are significant as it promotes a framework where policies are designed to enhance individuals' capabilities rather than merely providing resources. This leads to a more equitable society where opportunities are accessible to all, regardless of their starting point. Policymakers using this framework focus on creating conditions that empower individuals to achieve their desired functionings, thus addressing deeper structural inequalities in society.
• Evaluate how the capabilities approach could address global challenges related to poverty and inequality in different cultural contexts.
  • Evaluating the capabilities approach reveals its potential in addressing global challenges like poverty and inequality by tailoring solutions to diverse cultural contexts. By recognizing that different societies value different functionings, this framework allows for localized approaches that respect cultural variations while promoting individual empowerment. It advocates for global policies that not only provide resources but also build institutional frameworks supporting individuals' abilities to realize their potential. This adaptability makes the capabilities approach particularly relevant in our increasingly interconnected world facing complex socio-economic issues.

Related terms

Functionings: Functionings refer to the various things a person may value doing or being, such as being healthy, being educated, or participating in community life.

Well-being: Well-being is the overall condition of an individual’s life, encompassing aspects like health, happiness, and fulfillment, which the capabilities approach aims to enhance.

Social Justice:

Social justice pertains to the fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a society, which the capabilities approach seeks to advance by ensuring individuals have the means to achieve their desired functionings.