FIPS 140-2

Definition

FIPS 140-2 is a U.S. government standard that specifies the security requirements for cryptographic modules used in protecting sensitive information. This standard establishes guidelines for the design and implementation of secure cryptographic systems, ensuring that these systems can effectively safeguard data against unauthorized access and manipulation.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. FIPS 140-2 has four levels of security, ranging from Level 1 (basic security) to Level 4 (high security), allowing organizations to choose the appropriate level based on their risk assessments.
2. The standard covers various aspects of security, including physical security, operational security, cryptographic key management, and self-tests for cryptographic modules.
3. Products that comply with FIPS 140-2 are often required for federal agencies and contractors when handling sensitive but unclassified information.
4. The certification process for FIPS 140-2 involves rigorous testing by independent laboratories to ensure that the cryptographic module meets all specified requirements.
5. FIPS 140-2 has been superseded by FIPS 140-3, which updates and expands upon many of the criteria outlined in FIPS 140-2, but both standards remain important in secure operating system design.

Review Questions

• How does FIPS 140-2 influence the design principles of secure operating systems?
  • FIPS 140-2 sets specific requirements for cryptographic modules, influencing how secure operating systems are designed by ensuring they incorporate robust encryption techniques to protect sensitive data. This standard mandates that any cryptographic functions within the operating system meet stringent security levels, promoting best practices in key management and operational security. By adhering to FIPS 140-2, developers can enhance the overall security posture of their systems.
• In what ways do the different security levels of FIPS 140-2 impact system architecture decisions?
  • The four security levels outlined in FIPS 140-2 require system architects to consider the necessary security measures when designing an operating system. For example, a system requiring Level 4 compliance would need advanced physical protections and rigorous testing protocols compared to a Level 1 system. This distinction influences decisions regarding hardware selection, software configurations, and deployment strategies to ensure that all components align with the desired level of security.
• Evaluate the implications of using non-compliant cryptographic modules within secure operating systems in relation to FIPS 140-2.
  • Using non-compliant cryptographic modules in secure operating systems can have serious consequences, such as increased vulnerability to data breaches and non-compliance penalties for organizations handling sensitive information. If an organization fails to meet FIPS 140-2 standards, it risks undermining trust from users and stakeholders while exposing itself to legal ramifications. Additionally, the lack of certification may result in inadequate protection against cyber threats, potentially leading to significant financial and reputational damage.

Related terms

Cryptography: The practice and study of techniques for securing communication and information through the use of codes, making it unreadable to unauthorized users.

Security Module: A physical or logical device that implements cryptographic algorithms to protect sensitive information, often evaluated against standards like FIPS 140-2.

Compliance: The act of adhering to specified laws, regulations, and standards, such as FIPS 140-2, which is essential for organizations handling sensitive data.