Electoral systems refer to the rules and procedures that determine how elections are conducted, including how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats.
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Election rules are specific regulations within an electoral system that govern various aspects of the election process, such as voter eligibility, campaign financing, and ballot design.
Political party systems refer to the different ways in which political parties organize themselves and compete for power within a country's political landscape. It is closely related to electoral systems because they often influence each other in shaping the overall political environment.
Proportional representation is an electoral system where seats in a legislative body are allocated based on the proportion of votes received by each political party or candidate. It aims to ensure that parties receive representation in proportion to their level of support from voters.