Gradient vector: The gradient vector points in the direction of steepest increase for a scalar function. In this case, it would indicate the direction with maximum increase in y.
Dot product: The dot product between two vectors can help determine if they are pointing in similar directions or opposite directions.
Velocity vector: The velocity vector represents how quickly an object is changing its position over time and can give insight into whether the particle is moving along increasing or decreasing y-values.