Secondary succession refers to the process of ecological succession that occurs in an area where a previous community has been disturbed or destroyed, but the soil remains intact.
Primary succession is the process of ecological succession that occurs in areas where no ecosystem existed before, such as on bare rock surfaces or newly formed volcanic islands.
Disturbance: Disturbances are events that disrupt or alter an ecosystem, such as fires, hurricanes, logging activities, or human-induced changes.
Climax Community: A climax community refers to a stable and self-sustaining community of organisms that represents the end stage of ecological succession for a particular region.