Pioneer Species: Pioneer species are hardy organisms that are the first to colonize barren land during primary succession. They play a crucial role in breaking down rocks and creating suitable conditions for other species.
Lichens: Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They are often the first organisms to colonize bare rock surfaces during primary succession due to their ability to tolerate harsh conditions.
Climax Community: A climax community represents the final stage in ecological succession, where a stable and self-sustaining ecosystem is established with maximum biodiversity for that specific habitat type.