Glossary

12.1 The Influence of Ancient Greece on Roman Culture

5 min read•august 13, 2024

Ancient Greece left an indelible mark on Roman culture. From art and architecture to literature and philosophy, Greek influences shaped Roman society in profound ways. The Romans adapted Greek elements, blending them with their own traditions to create a unique cultural identity.

This cultural fusion resulted in a rich tapestry of Greco-Roman civilization. Roman art, literature, and thought drew heavily from Greek models, while also innovating and expanding upon them. This synthesis would go on to shape Western culture for centuries to come.

Greek Influence on Roman Art

Architectural Adaptations

Top images from around the web for Architectural Adaptations

  • Origin and Evolution of the Roman Dome View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • File:Colosseum 2007.jpg - Wikipedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Origin and Evolution of the Roman Dome View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3

Top images from around the web for Architectural Adaptations

  • Origin and Evolution of the Roman Dome View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • File:Colosseum 2007.jpg - Wikipedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Origin and Evolution of the Roman Dome View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3
  • The Romans adopted and adapted many elements of Greek art and architecture, particularly after their conquest of Greece in the 2nd century BCE
  • Roman architecture, such as temples, public buildings, and private homes, often incorporated Greek styles like , , and orders (columns, entablatures, and pediments)
  • The Romans further developed the use of arches, vaults, and domes, which allowed for the construction of larger and more complex structures compared to the post-and-lintel system used by the Greeks (, )
  • Roman engineers and architects combined Greek elements with their own innovations to create a distinct Roman architectural style that emphasized grandeur, functionality, and urban planning (aqueducts, basilicas, triumphal arches)

Sculpture and Painting

  • Roman sculpture initially imitated Greek styles, particularly the idealized forms of the Classical period, but later developed a more realistic and individualized approach, as seen in portrait busts (Augustus of Prima Porta, Bust of Caracalla)
  • The Romans adopted and adapted Greek painting techniques, such as fresco and encaustic, and incorporated Greek mythological themes and motifs into their own art (Pompeian wall paintings, mosaics)
  • Roman artists often used Greek mythological scenes and characters as subject matter for their works, but reinterpreted them to reflect Roman values and ideals (Aeneas, Romulus and Remus)
  • The Roman art market created a demand for copies and adaptations of famous Greek sculptures, leading to the preservation and dissemination of Greek artistic styles and themes (Laocoön and His Sons, Farnese Hercules)

Greek Impact on Roman Thought

Literature and Education

  • The Romans were greatly influenced by Greek literature, particularly epic poetry, drama, and historiography
  • Roman authors, such as Virgil, Ovid, and Horace, drew inspiration from Greek literary forms and themes, adapting them to suit Roman tastes and values (, , )
  • The Roman educational system, particularly in rhetoric and oratory, was heavily influenced by Greek models and texts (, declamations)
  • Roman writers and intellectuals often studied in Greek centers of learning, such as Athens and Rhodes, and incorporated Greek literary techniques and styles into their own works (, )

Philosophy and Ethics

  • Greek philosophical schools, such as , , and , gained popularity among educated Romans and influenced their worldviews and moral principles
  • Roman philosophers, like Cicero and Seneca, engaged with Greek philosophical ideas and incorporated them into their own works, often with a focus on practical ethics and political philosophy (De Officiis, Moral Epistles)
  • Stoicism, in particular, resonated with Roman values of self-discipline, virtue, and public service, and became influential among the Roman elite (, )
  • Roman philosophical thought often sought to reconcile Greek ideas with traditional Roman values and institutions, creating a syncretic and eclectic approach to philosophy (, )

Greek Mythology in Roman Religion

Syncretism and Adaptation

  • The Romans adopted and adapted many Greek myths and legends, integrating them into their own religious traditions
  • Roman gods and goddesses were often identified with their Greek counterparts, such as with , with , and with ()
  • The Romans incorporated Greek mythological themes and stories into their own literature, art, and religious festivals, such as the Saturnalia and the Lupercalia (, )
  • The Romans also adopted and adapted Greek hero cults, such as those of Heracles (Hercules) and Asclepius (Aesculapius), into their own religious practices (, )

Mystery Cults and Rituals

  • The influence of Greek mystery cults, such as the and the cult of , spread to Rome and gained popularity among certain segments of society
  • These mystery cults offered initiates a more personal and emotional connection to the divine, as well as the promise of a better afterlife ()
  • The Roman state initially viewed these foreign cults with suspicion, but gradually incorporated them into the official religious framework, often with modifications to suit Roman sensibilities (, )
  • Greek religious rituals and practices, such as animal sacrifice, libations, and votive offerings, were adopted and adapted by the Romans, often with a greater emphasis on public spectacle and political symbolism (, )

Roman Adaptation of Greek Culture

Selective Assimilation

  • The process of cultural assimilation and adaptation between Greece and Rome was complex and multifaceted, occurring over several centuries
  • The Romans selectively adopted and adapted Greek cultural elements that they found appealing or useful, while also maintaining their own distinct cultural identity
  • The extent of Greek influence varied across different aspects of Roman culture, with some areas, like art and literature, showing a stronger Greek influence than others, such as law and government
  • The Roman adaptation of Greek culture was not a simple imitation but rather a creative synthesis that incorporated Roman values, traditions, and innovations (, Cicero's philosophical works)

Reciprocal Influence

  • The interaction between Greek and Roman cultures was not unidirectional; as Rome's power grew, it also exerted its own influence on the Greek world, particularly in the areas of politics and administration
  • Roman rule brought stability, infrastructure, and economic opportunities to the Greek world, but also imposed new political and social structures (Roman provinces, coloniae)
  • Greek intellectuals, artists, and professionals often found patronage and opportunities in Roman society, contributing to the cultural exchange between the two civilizations (Polybius, Plutarch)
  • The Roman Empire facilitated the spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Mediterranean world, creating a shared cultural space known as the "Greco-Roman world" (Hellenistic art, koine Greek)

Key Terms to Review (37)

Aeneid: The Aeneid is an epic poem written by the Roman poet Virgil, detailing the journey of Aeneas, a Trojan hero, as he travels to Italy to found a new homeland after the fall of Troy. This poem is considered one of the most important works of Latin literature and showcases the deep influence of Ancient Greek culture on Roman identity and values, intertwining themes of fate, duty, and the divine.
Aesculapium: An aesculapium is an ancient healing center dedicated to Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine and healing. These sanctuaries were important places in the ancient world where people sought cures for various ailments through rituals, offerings, and often the use of medicinal herbs and treatments that emphasized holistic health and wellness.
Aphrodite: Aphrodite is the ancient Greek goddess of love, beauty, desire, and fertility. Known for her enchanting beauty and captivating allure, she played a central role in various myths and cultural narratives, embodying both the pleasures and complexities of romantic love. Her influence extended into the realms of relationships and art, making her one of the most celebrated deities in the Greek pantheon.
Ara Pacis: The Ara Pacis, or Altar of Peace, is a monumental altar in Rome dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of peace. Built between 13 and 9 BCE during the reign of Emperor Augustus, this structure commemorates his successful military campaigns and emphasizes the peace and prosperity brought to the Roman Empire. Its intricate relief sculptures celebrate not only Augustus' achievements but also highlight themes of fertility, family, and the divine connection to the emperor, showcasing the significant influence of Greek artistic styles on Roman culture.
Cicero: Cicero was a prominent Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher, who lived from 106 to 43 BCE. His work profoundly influenced the development of Roman culture and the political landscape, reflecting the values and ideas derived from ancient Greece, particularly in rhetoric and philosophy. Cicero's writings and speeches are considered key texts in understanding how Greek thought shaped Roman identity and governance, while also later inspiring Renaissance thinkers in their rediscovery of classical ideas.
Colosseum: The Colosseum is an iconic amphitheater located in Rome, Italy, known for its massive size and architectural grandeur. Built during the reign of Emperor Vespasian in AD 70-80, it served as a venue for public spectacles such as gladiatorial contests and animal hunts. The design and engineering of the Colosseum were heavily influenced by earlier Greek theaters, showcasing the adoption and adaptation of Greek architectural styles in Roman culture.
Corinthian: Corinthian refers to a style of ancient Greek architecture that originated in Corinth, characterized by its ornate column design featuring a slender, fluted shaft and an elaborate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. This architectural style is considered one of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, alongside Doric and Ionic, and it reflects the artistic achievements and cultural significance of Corinth as a major city-state in ancient Greece.
Dionysus: Dionysus is the ancient Greek god of wine, fertility, theater, and ritual madness. He represents the dual nature of civilization and chaos, embodying both the joy and the dangers of excess, particularly through intoxication and uninhibited behavior. As one of the Olympian gods, Dionysus is often associated with ecstatic worship, theatrical performances, and the celebration of life through revelry.
Doric: Doric refers to one of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by its simplicity and strength. This architectural style features sturdy columns with a plain capital and no base, embodying a sense of austere elegance that reflects the values of early Greek society. The Doric order is closely associated with the temples dedicated to the gods, showcasing its importance in religious and civic life.
Eclecticism: Eclecticism is the practice of selecting and combining ideas, styles, or influences from a diverse range of sources to create a new, cohesive whole. In the context of the influence of Ancient Greece on Roman culture, eclecticism reflects how Roman art, architecture, philosophy, and religion integrated elements from various Greek traditions, leading to a unique Roman identity that still celebrated its Greek roots.
Eleusinian Mysteries: The Eleusinian Mysteries were ancient Greek religious rites held annually in honor of the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone, centered in the town of Eleusis. These secretive ceremonies aimed to promise initiates a more favorable afterlife and emphasized the themes of life, death, and rebirth, reflecting the agricultural cycle. The mysteries played a significant role in Greek culture, intertwining with mystery cults and influencing later religious practices, including those in Roman culture.
Epictetus: Epictetus was a prominent Stoic philosopher of the first century AD, known for his teachings on personal ethics and the importance of inner peace. His philosophy emphasized that individuals cannot control external events, but they can control their responses to these events, which resonated with Roman culture's focus on duty and virtue.
Epicureanism: Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by Epicurus in the 4th century BCE that teaches the pursuit of happiness through the cultivation of personal pleasure and the avoidance of pain. This belief emphasizes living a life of moderation, valuing friendships, and seeking knowledge to minimize fears, particularly fear of death and the gods. Its core ideas resonate with various aspects of ancient culture and influence, shaping thought in later periods.
Hermes: Hermes is the Greek god of trade, wealth, and communication, often recognized as the messenger of the gods. He is associated with various domains, including travelers, boundaries, and cunning, and is known for his speed and ability to move freely between the mortal and divine worlds. His significance extends beyond mythology as he also influenced various aspects of culture and religion in ancient Greece and later Roman society.
Interpretatio graeca: Interpretatio graeca refers to the process by which ancient Greeks interpreted and integrated foreign deities and cultural elements into their own religious and cultural framework. This practice involved equating non-Greek gods with Greek ones, allowing for a blending of traditions and beliefs that shaped both Greek and later Roman culture.
Ionic: Ionic refers to a style of classical architecture that is characterized by slender, fluted columns and distinctive volutes (spiral scroll-like ornaments) at the top. This architectural style emerged in ancient Greece and was later adopted and adapted by Roman culture, showcasing the evolution of design and aesthetics in their structures.
Isis: Isis is an ancient Egyptian goddess who was revered as a protector of the downtrodden and a symbol of motherhood, fertility, and magic. Her worship spread widely, influencing various cultures, including the Romans, who adopted her as part of their religious practices and integrated her into their pantheon, demonstrating the blending of Egyptian and Roman beliefs.
Jupiter: Jupiter is the king of the gods in Roman mythology, equivalent to the Greek god Zeus. He is the god of sky and thunder, known for wielding a thunderbolt and presiding over law, order, and justice. Jupiter played a crucial role in Roman religion and culture, symbolizing power and authority, and was often invoked in matters of state and governance.
Livy: Livy was a Roman historian who lived during the late Roman Republic and early Empire, known for his monumental work 'Ab Urbe Condita,' which chronicles the history of Rome from its legendary foundations to the early days of the Empire. His writings reflect the deep influence of Greek culture and literature, as Livy sought to provide moral lessons through the retelling of Rome's past, emphasizing themes of virtue and civic duty.
Magna mater: Magna Mater, or 'Great Mother,' refers to the ancient goddess Cybele, worshipped in various cultures but especially prominent in Roman religion. She was regarded as a mother figure symbolizing fertility, nature, and the protection of cities. The adoption of her cult from the East significantly influenced Roman culture, including religious practices, art, and literature.
Marcus Aurelius: Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD, renowned for his philosophical writings and his role as a Stoic philosopher-king. His leadership marked a significant intersection between ancient philosophy and Roman governance, reflecting the strong influence of Greek thought on Roman culture during his reign.
Mercury: Mercury is a Roman god associated with commerce, communication, and travelers, often recognized as a messenger of the gods. He was known for his speed and agility, frequently depicted wearing winged sandals and a helmet. The influence of Mercury can be seen in various aspects of Roman culture, including trade, literature, and the blending of Greek and Roman mythologies.
Metamorphoses: Metamorphoses refers to transformative changes in form or nature, often depicted in literature and mythology. In the context of ancient cultures, these transformations symbolize the fluidity of identity and the interplay between humans and the divine, showcasing the profound influence of Greek mythology on Roman culture through themes of change and rebirth.
Neoplatonism: Neoplatonism is a philosophical system that emerged in the 3rd century CE, heavily influenced by the works of Plato. It emphasizes the existence of a single, transcendent source of all reality, often referred to as 'the One', from which emanates everything else, including the material world and human souls. This framework deeply impacted both Roman culture and the later Renaissance, merging classical philosophical ideas with religious thought.
Odes: Odes are a form of lyrical poetry that express strong emotions and often commemorate people, events, or ideas. These poems are characterized by their formal structure and elevated language, typically written in a style that is grand and reflective. Odes have been used by poets to celebrate victories, mourn losses, or convey personal feelings, making them significant in both personal and public contexts throughout history.
Ovid's Fasti: Ovid's Fasti is a poetic work by the Roman poet Ovid that chronicles the Roman calendar and its festivals, linking them to mythology and religious practices. Written in elegiac couplets, it reflects the cultural influences of ancient Greece on Roman society, showcasing the integration of Greek deities and traditions into Roman rituals and the significance of time in Roman culture.
Pantheon: A pantheon refers to the collective group of gods and goddesses worshipped in a particular religion or culture. In ancient Greece, this group included well-known deities such as Zeus, Hera, and Athena, who played central roles in mythology and religious practices. The pantheon not only reflects the spiritual beliefs of a society but also influences art, literature, and cultural identity, laying the groundwork for how these ideas were later adopted and adapted by Roman culture.
Progymnasmata: Progymnasmata refers to a series of preparatory exercises in ancient rhetoric aimed at developing students' skills in writing and speaking. These exercises were foundational in shaping the rhetorical training that influenced both Greek and Roman education, emphasizing the importance of eloquence and persuasion in public life.
Skepticism: Skepticism is a philosophical attitude of doubting the veracity of certain knowledge claims. In the context of ancient Greece, it emerged as a school of thought questioning the reliability of sensory experience and the limits of human understanding. This line of thought significantly influenced later philosophical traditions, including Roman culture, where critical examination and doubt became central to intellectual inquiry.
Stoicism: Stoicism is an ancient Greek philosophy that teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means to overcome destructive emotions. It emphasizes rationality, virtue, and living in accordance with nature, encouraging individuals to accept what they cannot change while focusing on their own responses and attitudes. This philosophy gained prominence during the Hellenistic period and significantly influenced later cultures, including Roman thought.
Suovetaurilia: Suovetaurilia was an ancient Roman ritual involving the sacrifice of a pig, a sheep, and a bull, typically performed to purify the land and seek favor from the gods. This practice reflected the Roman approach to religion and its connection to agriculture, showcasing how important rituals were to ensure prosperity and success in both farming and military endeavors. The term is rooted in the blending of Roman and Etruscan traditions, highlighting the cultural exchanges that occurred in early Roman history.
Temple of Hercules Victor: The Temple of Hercules Victor, also known as the Temple of Hercules Olivarius, is a well-preserved ancient Roman temple located in the Forum Boarium, dedicated to the Greek hero Hercules. This temple showcases the strong influence of Greek architectural styles on Roman culture, featuring a circular design and Corinthian columns, which reflect the adaptation and integration of Greek aesthetics into Roman public life and religious practices.
Venus: Venus is the Roman goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, often associated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite. She plays a crucial role in Roman mythology and culture, symbolizing desire and romantic attraction. Venus also became an emblem of femininity and was linked to various aspects of life, influencing literature, art, and even politics in both ancient Rome and during the Renaissance when classical ideals were revived.
Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii: The Villa of the Mysteries is an ancient Roman villa located near Pompeii, famous for its well-preserved frescoes that depict mysterious initiation rituals. This villa showcases the influence of Greek culture on Roman art and religious practices, particularly through its intricate visual storytelling and themes of transformation, which reflect the mysteries associated with Dionysian cults.
Virgil's Aeneid: Virgil's Aeneid is an epic poem written by the Roman poet Virgil between 29 and 19 BCE, which tells the story of Aeneas, a Trojan hero, and his journey to establish a new homeland in Italy. The poem is considered a foundational work of Roman literature and reflects the influence of earlier Greek epics like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, showcasing themes of duty, fate, and the quest for identity in the context of Roman culture and mythology.
Virgil's Georgics: Virgil's Georgics is a didactic poem written in the 1st century BCE that focuses on agriculture and rural life. The poem is divided into four books, each addressing different aspects of farming, from the cultivation of crops to the care of livestock, and serves as both an agricultural manual and a reflection on the relationship between humans and nature. It draws heavily on Greek literary traditions, highlighting the significant influence of Ancient Greece on Roman culture and literature.
Zeus: Zeus is the king of the gods in ancient Greek mythology, ruling over Mount Olympus and representing authority, law, and order. As the god of the sky and thunder, he is often depicted wielding a lightning bolt and associated with justice and hospitality. Zeus played a central role in many myths and stories, influencing both divine and mortal affairs.
© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.
Back
Practice QuizGlossary
Practice QuizGlossary
Next guide