Deus ex machina

Definition

Deus ex machina refers to a plot device where an unexpected power or event saves a seemingly hopeless situation, often through the intervention of a character or force that was not previously introduced in the story. This device is commonly used in literature and drama to resolve complex situations or to bring closure, though it can sometimes feel contrived or artificial, especially if it undermines character development and narrative consistency.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Deus ex machina originated from ancient Greek theater, where actors playing gods would be lowered onto the stage to resolve conflicts.
2. While it can provide quick resolutions, using deus ex machina frequently can lead to criticism for being lazy storytelling.
3. This device often contrasts with well-crafted narratives that build tension and resolve it through character actions rather than external interventions.
4. In modern works, authors might use this technique ironically or self-referentially, commenting on its own artificiality.
5. Classic examples of deus ex machina can be found in plays like Euripides' 'Medea' and Shakespeare's 'The Tempest,' highlighting its historical significance in dramatic literature.

Review Questions

• How does the use of deus ex machina affect character development within a story?
  • The use of deus ex machina can significantly impact character development by bypassing the characters' struggles and growth. Instead of resolving conflicts through the characters’ choices and evolution, it introduces an external solution that may diminish the stakes and emotional investment for the audience. When characters do not actively engage in resolving their conflicts, their arcs may feel incomplete or unsatisfying, as they do not experience the necessary challenges for meaningful growth.
• Evaluate how the use of deus ex machina might be perceived differently in classical versus modern literature.
  • In classical literature, deus ex machina was often embraced as a tool for resolving plots involving gods or fate, giving stories a sense of closure and divine intervention. In contrast, modern literature tends to scrutinize this device more critically. Many contemporary authors strive for realism and character-driven narratives, where reliance on external solutions can feel disingenuous. As a result, when used in modern contexts, deus ex machina is frequently examined for its effectiveness and potential to undermine narrative integrity.
• Create an argument for or against the use of deus ex machina in storytelling and support it with examples from literature.
  • Arguing against the use of deus ex machina in storytelling emphasizes that it can lead to a lack of authenticity and emotional resonance. For instance, in J.K. Rowling's 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,' some critics argue that the resurrection stone serves as an overly convenient solution that detracts from Harry's personal growth through grief and loss. Conversely, one could argue that when used effectively, as seen in the resolution of 'The Tempest,' it can create a powerful moment of revelation that highlights themes of forgiveness and transformation. Ultimately, the effectiveness of deus ex machina depends on how well it aligns with the overall narrative and character arcs.

Related terms

Plot twist: A sudden and unexpected change in the direction or expected outcome of a plot, often adding complexity to the story.

Character arc: The transformation or inner journey of a character throughout a narrative, often influenced by their experiences and conflicts.

Foreshadowing:

A literary technique used to provide hints or clues about what will happen later in the story, creating anticipation for the audience.