Deus ex machina

Definition

Deus ex machina is a dramatic device where a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is abruptly resolved by an unexpected and improbable intervention. This technique often involves a character, event, or force that appears suddenly to provide a solution, often raising questions about the narrative's coherence and character development. In ancient Greek theatre, this convention was commonly used to conclude plays and address complex moral dilemmas, making it an essential part of the storytelling toolkit.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. In ancient Greek theatre, deus ex machina often involved the use of cranes or mechanisms to lower gods or divine figures onto the stage to resolve conflicts.
2. The term translates from Latin as 'god from the machine,' referring to how deities would appear suddenly to influence events and save characters.
3. This technique was widely criticized by playwrights like Aristotle, who believed it undermined character agency and narrative structure.
4. Deus ex machina can be seen as a reflection of the ancient Greek worldview, where divine intervention was believed to shape human destiny.
5. Modern interpretations of deus ex machina have evolved, with some writers using it intentionally to subvert audience expectations or comment on narrative conventions.

Review Questions

• How does deus ex machina function within the context of ancient Greek theatre, and what impact does it have on character development?
  • Deus ex machina serves as a critical resolution tool in ancient Greek theatre, allowing playwrights to neatly tie up complex narratives. This intervention often leads to abrupt endings that can diminish character development because it removes agency from characters by attributing their fate to external forces. Instead of overcoming challenges through their actions, characters may rely on divine intervention, which can make their journeys feel less authentic.
• Discuss the criticism surrounding the use of deus ex machina in storytelling, particularly in relation to narrative coherence and audience engagement.
  • Critics argue that deus ex machina can undermine narrative coherence by introducing solutions that feel forced or contrived, potentially disengaging audiences. Aristotle suggested that such devices detract from the authenticity of character choices and conflicts. When resolutions are handed down from external sources rather than developed organically through plot progression, it risks alienating viewers who seek a logical and satisfying conclusion based on character actions and motivations.
• Evaluate how modern interpretations of deus ex machina differ from its use in ancient Greek plays, particularly regarding audience expectations and thematic exploration.
  • Modern interpretations of deus ex machina often use this device to play with audience expectations and highlight thematic elements such as randomness or absurdity in life. Unlike in ancient Greek theatre where divine intervention reinforced belief in fate, contemporary uses might challenge traditional narrative structures by deliberately invoking surprise or frustration. This can serve to critique conventional storytelling methods or engage viewers in a discussion about determinism versus free will, showcasing how different contexts can reshape the meaning and implications of such dramatic devices.

Related terms

Chorus: A group of performers in ancient Greek theatre who commented on the action and themes of the play, often providing context and moral insight.

Tragedy: A genre of drama that portrays serious themes and often ends in disaster for the main character, highlighting human suffering and moral questions.

Plot Twist: An unexpected development in the storyline that changes the direction of the narrative, similar in effect but different in execution from deus ex machina.