Epstein-Barr Virus

Definition

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human herpesvirus that primarily infects B lymphocytes and is associated with the development of various types of cancer, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It is also a contributing factor in the development of multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Epstein-Barr virus is a member of the herpesvirus family and is one of the most common human viruses, infecting over 90% of the global population.
2. EBV primarily infects and establishes latent infection in B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.
3. Reactivation of the latent EBV infection can lead to the development of various types of cancer, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
4. EBV infection has been identified as a potential environmental trigger for the development of multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.
5. The exact mechanisms by which EBV contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are not fully understood, but may involve molecular mimicry and the induction of autoimmune responses.

Review Questions

• Explain the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in the development of multiple sclerosis.
  • The Epstein-Barr virus has been identified as a potential environmental trigger for the development of multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, it is believed that EBV infection may lead to the induction of autoimmune responses through a process called molecular mimicry, where the viral proteins resemble self-antigens and trigger the immune system to attack the body's own tissues. Additionally, the latent EBV infection in B lymphocytes may contribute to the chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation observed in multiple sclerosis patients.
• Describe the relationship between the Epstein-Barr virus and the development of certain types of cancer.
  • The Epstein-Barr virus is associated with the development of various types of cancer, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV primarily infects and establishes a latent infection in B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. Reactivation of the latent EBV infection can lead to the transformation of these B cells, causing them to proliferate uncontrollably and develop into cancerous cells. The viral proteins expressed during the latent and lytic phases of the EBV life cycle are believed to play a crucial role in the oncogenic process, disrupting normal cellular processes and promoting the development of these malignancies.
• Analyze the significance of the Epstein-Barr virus as a member of the herpesvirus family and its implications for human health.
  • The Epstein-Barr virus is a member of the herpesvirus family, a group of DNA viruses that can establish lifelong latent infections within the host. This ability to maintain a persistent, dormant state in the host's cells is a defining characteristic of herpesviruses and allows them to evade the host's immune system. The Epstein-Barr virus's capacity to establish latent infection in B lymphocytes is particularly significant, as it enables the virus to manipulate the host's immune responses and contribute to the development of various diseases, including multiple sclerosis and certain types of cancer. The widespread prevalence of EBV infection, with over 90% of the global population exposed, underscores the importance of understanding the virus's role in human health and the potential implications for disease prevention and management.

Related terms

Herpesviruses: A family of DNA viruses that can establish lifelong latent infections in the host, including the Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus.

Latent Infection: A type of viral infection where the virus remains dormant within the host's cells, often for extended periods, without causing active disease symptoms.

Autoimmune Diseases:

Conditions where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, as seen in multiple sclerosis.