Astrocytes

Definition

Astrocytes are a type of glial cell in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, providing nutrients to nervous tissue, and repairing the brain and spinal cord following traumatic injuries. They support neuronal function and contribute to the regulation of neurotransmitter levels.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Astrocytes help regulate the extracellular ion balance in the central nervous system, which is essential for proper nerve function.
2. They are involved in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, which protects neural tissue from harmful substances.
3. Astrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons by supplying them with glucose and other nutrients.
4. These cells can modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity, influencing learning and memory.
5. Astrocytes play a role in neuroinflammation and can become reactive in response to injury or disease, potentially contributing to neurodegenerative conditions.

Review Questions

• What role do astrocytes play in maintaining the blood-brain barrier?
• How do astrocytes support neuronal metabolism?
• In what way can astrocytes influence synaptic transmission?

Related terms

Neurons: The basic functional units of the nervous system that transmit information via electrical and chemical signals.

Microglia: A type of glial cell that acts as the main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system.

Oligodendrocytes: Glial cells responsible for producing myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system.