Augustine

Definition

Augustine, also known as Saint Augustine of Hippo, was a theologian and philosopher whose writings significantly shaped Christian thought and Western philosophy. His works explored profound religious and philosophical themes, including the nature of God, the problem of evil, and human free will, making him a pivotal figure in the development of Medieval literature and theology.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Augustine's writings laid the groundwork for many theological concepts, particularly concerning salvation, grace, and predestination.
2. His concept of 'just war' articulated in 'City of God' provided a moral framework for evaluating the legitimacy of warfare in Christian thought.
3. Augustine famously stated that 'the heart is restless until it finds its rest in thee,' emphasizing the deep human longing for God.
4. He was a key figure in the development of the doctrine of Original Sin, asserting that all humans inherit a sinful nature due to Adam and Eve's transgression.
5. Augustine's influence extended beyond theology; he also made significant contributions to philosophy, particularly in discussions about time and memory.

Review Questions

• How did Augustine's concept of free will contribute to his views on sin and salvation?
  • Augustine believed that free will is essential to human identity, enabling individuals to choose between good and evil. His understanding of free will was deeply intertwined with his views on Original Sin; he argued that humanity's inherent sinful nature complicates the exercise of free will. For Augustine, salvation is only possible through God's grace, which empowers individuals to overcome their sinful inclinations and choose righteousness.
• Discuss the significance of Augustine's 'City of God' in relation to political authority and divine order.
  • In 'City of God,' Augustine addresses the relationship between earthly governance and divine authority. He argues that while earthly cities are marred by sin and corruption, true justice and order can only be found in the heavenly city, which represents God's eternal kingdom. This work significantly influenced Christian views on politics, suggesting that while Christians should engage with secular authorities, their ultimate allegiance lies with God’s eternal order rather than transient political entities.
• Evaluate how Augustine's exploration of time in his writings impacted later philosophical thought.
  • Augustine's exploration of time in his works, particularly in 'Confessions,' marked a turning point in philosophical discussions about temporal experience. He distinguished between the past, present, and future as constructs of human consciousness rather than objective realities. This insight influenced later philosophers by shifting focus from external measurements of time to internal perceptions, paving the way for existential and phenomenological inquiries into the nature of reality and human experience.

Related terms

Confessions: An autobiographical work by Augustine that details his early life, conversion to Christianity, and reflections on his spiritual journey.

City of God: A seminal text by Augustine that contrasts the earthly city, characterized by human sin and political strife, with the heavenly city, representing divine order and eternal life.

Original Sin: The Christian doctrine posited by Augustine that describes the fallen state of humanity as a result of Adam and Eve's disobedience to God.