Social Darwinism

Definition

Social Darwinism is a socio-political theory that emerged in the late 19th century, applying Charles Darwin's theories of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies. This concept suggested that human groups and races were subject to the same laws of natural selection as plants and animals, justifying social inequality, imperialism, and racial superiority. It became influential in shaping cultural attitudes and policies in various societies, including Latin America.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Social Darwinism played a significant role in justifying imperialist policies, as colonial powers argued that they were 'civilizing' 'lesser' societies.
2. In Latin America, Social Darwinism influenced ideas about race and class, promoting the notion that the elite were naturally superior to the lower classes.
3. The theory contributed to the rise of eugenics movements in the early 20th century, which sought to improve the genetic quality of human populations.
4. Critics of Social Darwinism argued that it misapplied biological concepts to social issues, ignoring the role of culture and history in shaping societies.
5. Social Darwinism was often invoked to support laissez-faire economics, suggesting that state intervention in social issues would disrupt natural social hierarchies.

Review Questions

• How did Social Darwinism influence the development of social hierarchies in Latin American societies?
  • Social Darwinism significantly shaped social hierarchies in Latin America by promoting the idea that certain races and classes were superior to others. This ideology reinforced existing inequalities and justified the marginalization of indigenous populations and lower classes. As elites embraced these views, they rationalized their dominance over society, leading to greater social division based on perceived natural superiority.
• Discuss the ways Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialist policies in Latin America during the late 19th century.
  • Social Darwinism provided a framework for justifying imperialist actions in Latin America by framing the expansion of European and North American powers as a natural progression for 'civilizing' perceived 'weaker' societies. Colonial powers argued that their dominance was a matter of survival of the fittest, believing they were helping those deemed inferior by introducing modernization and progress. This rationale allowed them to overlook the detrimental effects of their actions on local populations and cultures.
• Evaluate the impact of Social Darwinism on contemporary societal attitudes regarding race and class inequality.
  • The impact of Social Darwinism can still be seen today in ongoing societal attitudes toward race and class inequality. Although discredited scientifically and ethically, its remnants persist in certain ideologies that promote notions of meritocracy or blame disadvantaged groups for their situations. This has led to policy decisions that fail to address systemic inequalities, as many continue to subscribe to beliefs rooted in Social Darwinist ideas. Recognizing this influence is crucial for fostering a more equitable society that values diversity and inclusion.

Related terms

Natural Selection: A biological process through which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, influencing theories of evolution.

Imperialism:

A policy or ideology where a nation extends its power and influence over other nations or territories, often justified by notions of racial superiority.

Racial Superiority: The belief that certain races are inherently superior to others, which has been used to justify discrimination and social hierarchies.