Social Darwinism

Definition

Social Darwinism is a socio-political theory that applies the concept of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies. This ideology often justified social inequality, imperialism, and nationalism by arguing that stronger individuals or nations naturally prevailed over weaker ones, leading to a hierarchical social order based on perceived superiority.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Social Darwinism gained popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influencing various social policies and practices in Western countries.
2. The theory was often used to rationalize colonialism and imperial expansion, as stronger nations justified their domination over weaker ones.
3. It contributed to discriminatory practices and ideologies, including racism, classism, and ableism, by framing these inequalities as natural and necessary.
4. Prominent figures associated with social Darwinism include Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, who promoted ideas about social competition and hierarchy.
5. The decline of social Darwinism in the mid-20th century was largely due to its association with unethical practices like eugenics and its misuse in justifying atrocities during World War II.

Review Questions

• How did social Darwinism influence policies related to imperialism in the late 19th century?
  • Social Darwinism provided a pseudo-scientific rationale for imperialism by suggesting that stronger nations had a natural right to conquer and civilize weaker ones. This ideology argued that such domination was beneficial for human progress, as it supposedly allowed 'superior' races to thrive while 'inferior' groups were left behind. This perspective justified colonial expansions and policies that exploited indigenous populations under the guise of spreading civilization.
• In what ways did social Darwinism impact social policies in Western societies during its peak popularity?
  • During its peak, social Darwinism influenced various social policies by legitimizing inequality as a natural part of society. This resulted in support for laissez-faire economics, opposition to welfare programs, and the promotion of eugenics as a means of improving societal health. The belief in inherent superiority also fostered racial discrimination and xenophobia, as policies became more exclusionary towards marginalized groups viewed as 'less fit'.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of social Darwinism on contemporary views of race and class relations.
  • The long-term effects of social Darwinism are evident in contemporary discussions about race and class relations. Its legacy continues to influence perceptions about inequality, with some arguing that socio-economic disparities reflect individual or group deficiencies rather than systemic issues. This belief can perpetuate stereotypes and justify ongoing discrimination. Additionally, remnants of eugenic ideologies can still be found in debates surrounding genetics and public health, highlighting the need for critical examination of historical beliefs in shaping modern societal values.

Related terms

Survival of the Fittest: A phrase coined by Herbert Spencer that suggests that in nature, only the strongest survive and thrive, often used to justify social hierarchies.

Eugenics: A movement aimed at improving the genetic quality of a human population, often associated with social Darwinism and used to justify discrimination against certain groups.

Nationalism: A political ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a nation, often leading to the belief in the superiority of one's own nation over others.