Methotrexate

Definition

Methotrexate is a chemotherapy agent and immunosuppressant commonly used in the treatment of certain cancers and autoimmune disorders. It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis, which is crucial for the growth of rapidly dividing cells, making it effective against cancer cells as well as in suppressing immune response in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Methotrexate is classified as a folate antagonist, meaning it blocks the action of folic acid, which is necessary for DNA synthesis.
2. In cancer therapy, methotrexate is used to treat various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors, particularly in high doses.
3. In treating autoimmune disorders, low doses of methotrexate help reduce inflammation and slow down disease progression.
4. Patients on methotrexate must be monitored for potential side effects such as liver toxicity, lung toxicity, and bone marrow suppression.
5. Methotrexate can be administered orally or by injection, depending on the condition being treated and the severity of the disease.

Review Questions

• How does methotrexate exert its effects in both cancer treatment and autoimmune disorders?
  • Methotrexate works by inhibiting enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. In cancer treatment, it targets rapidly dividing cancer cells, blocking their ability to proliferate. In autoimmune disorders, it suppresses immune cell function, reducing inflammation and preventing tissue damage caused by the overactive immune response.
• Discuss the potential side effects of methotrexate therapy and the importance of monitoring during treatment.
  • Methotrexate therapy can lead to several side effects, including liver damage, lung inflammation, and suppression of bone marrow function. Regular monitoring of liver enzymes and complete blood counts is crucial to identify any adverse effects early. Patients may also be advised to take folic acid supplements to help mitigate some side effects associated with methotrexate therapy.
• Evaluate the role of methotrexate in the management of rheumatoid arthritis compared to traditional therapies.
  • Methotrexate has become a cornerstone in the management of rheumatoid arthritis due to its effectiveness at low doses in controlling inflammation and slowing disease progression. Compared to traditional therapies like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that mainly relieve symptoms, methotrexate addresses the underlying immune dysfunction. Its use can lead to improved long-term outcomes for patients by preventing joint damage and enhancing quality of life.

Related terms

Antimetabolite: A class of drugs that interfere with the metabolism of cells, often used in cancer treatment to disrupt the synthesis of nucleic acids.

Folic Acid: A B-vitamin that is essential for DNA synthesis and repair; methotrexate acts as an antagonist to folic acid, disrupting its normal function in the body.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: A chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints; methotrexate is often used as a first-line treatment for managing this condition.