Martha Nussbaum

Definition

Martha Nussbaum is a prominent philosopher and ethicist known for her work on the capabilities approach, which emphasizes the importance of individual human capabilities as a measure of social justice. Her theories challenge traditional notions of justice and fairness by focusing on what individuals are actually able to do and be, rather than merely on the distribution of resources or rights. This perspective is essential in addressing issues of cultural diversity and ethical pluralism, as it highlights the unique capabilities that different cultures may cultivate and the varied experiences individuals bring to societal discussions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Nussbaum's capabilities approach has been influential in fields like development economics, human rights, and public policy, promoting a more human-centered understanding of justice.
2. She identifies ten central capabilities that she believes are essential for a flourishing human life, including bodily health, education, and practical reason.
3. Nussbaum argues that societal structures should be designed to support the development of these capabilities for all individuals, regardless of their background.
4. Her work emphasizes the importance of empathy and understanding diverse human experiences, advocating for policies that respect cultural differences while promoting universal human dignity.
5. Nussbaum critiques traditional economic theories for focusing too narrowly on utility or resources, arguing that true justice requires a broader view of what it means to live a good life.

Review Questions

• How does Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach differ from traditional theories of justice?
  • Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach differs from traditional theories of justice by shifting the focus from resource distribution to individual capabilities. While conventional theories often measure fairness based on material wealth or access to rights, Nussbaum emphasizes what people can actually achieve in their lives. This perspective encourages a deeper understanding of human well-being and considers the unique circumstances that affect individuals' abilities to thrive.
• In what ways does Nussbaum's work contribute to discussions on cultural diversity and ethical pluralism?
  • Nussbaum's work significantly contributes to discussions on cultural diversity and ethical pluralism by advocating for an approach that recognizes the importance of different cultural contexts in shaping individual capabilities. Her emphasis on understanding diverse experiences allows for a richer dialogue about justice that includes various cultural perspectives. This not only enriches ethical discussions but also helps in formulating policies that are sensitive to the unique needs of different communities.
• Critically analyze the implications of Nussbaum's focus on capabilities for global justice movements.
  • Nussbaum's focus on capabilities has profound implications for global justice movements by pushing advocates to prioritize human development over mere economic growth. By emphasizing individual abilities and potential, her framework challenges movements to rethink their strategies, ensuring they address not just poverty but also the underlying social conditions that inhibit capability development. This perspective fosters a more inclusive approach to justice that takes into account the diverse realities faced by people worldwide, ultimately leading to more effective and meaningful change.

Related terms

Capabilities Approach: A theoretical framework developed by Nussbaum and Amartya Sen that assesses social justice based on what individuals are capable of achieving, rather than just their access to resources.

Justice as Fairness: A political philosophy articulated by John Rawls that aims to ensure fair distribution of goods and opportunities in society, which Nussbaum critiques and expands upon with her capabilities approach.

Ethical Pluralism: The idea that multiple moral perspectives can coexist and provide valid answers to ethical questions, which relates closely to Nussbaum's understanding of cultural diversity and human capabilities.