Incan civilization

Definition

The Incan civilization was a powerful empire that flourished in the Andes region of South America from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. It is known for its advanced agricultural practices, impressive architecture, and extensive road networks that facilitated trade and communication across diverse terrains.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Incan civilization was at its peak under the rule of Emperor Pachacuti in the 15th century, expanding its territory from present-day Colombia to Chile.
2. The Incas were master builders, known for their sophisticated stone construction techniques that enabled them to create resilient structures without mortar.
3. Their extensive road network, known as the Inca Road System, spanned over 25,000 miles and connected various regions, facilitating trade and military movements.
4. Agriculture was highly developed in the Incan civilization, with techniques such as terrace farming allowing them to cultivate crops in the challenging mountainous terrain.
5. The Incas had a centralized economy based on reciprocity and labor taxes known as 'mit'a,' which required citizens to contribute work to state projects.

Review Questions

• Compare and contrast the administrative systems used by the Incan civilization with those of other contemporary civilizations.
  • The Incan civilization utilized a highly centralized administrative system led by the Sapa Inca, which differed from other contemporary civilizations that may have had more decentralized structures. The Incas implemented a hierarchical bureaucracy where local leaders were appointed to manage provinces, ensuring loyalty and control. This contrasts with civilizations like the Aztecs, who had a more fragmented system with multiple city-states. The Incan approach allowed for greater cohesion and efficiency in governance across their vast territory.
• Evaluate how Incan agricultural practices contributed to their ability to support a large population and maintain their empire.
  • Incan agricultural practices were crucial to sustaining their large population and empire. They developed advanced techniques like terrace farming, which maximized arable land on steep slopes and prevented soil erosion. This innovative method allowed them to cultivate diverse crops such as potatoes, maize, and quinoa. Additionally, their irrigation systems improved water management in arid regions. By effectively managing resources and ensuring food security, the Incas could support their growing population and military needs.
• Assess the impact of Incan achievements in architecture and infrastructure on their society's resilience against environmental challenges.
  • Incan achievements in architecture and infrastructure significantly enhanced their society's resilience to environmental challenges. Their ability to construct robust stone buildings, such as temples and administrative centers, ensured durability against earthquakes common in the Andes region. The extensive road network they developed not only facilitated trade but also enabled rapid military responses during emergencies. These advancements contributed to a stable society capable of adapting to its challenging environment, ultimately supporting the longevity of the Incan civilization until external factors led to its decline.

Related terms

Machu Picchu:

An ancient Incan city located in the Andes mountains, famous for its well-preserved ruins and stunning architectural achievements.

Quipu: A system of knotted strings used by the Incas for record-keeping and communication, serving as a form of accounting and information storage.

Sapa Inca: The title given to the emperor of the Incan civilization, regarded as a divine ruler with both political and religious authority.