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🧪AP Chemistry
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🧪AP Chemistry

FRQs 1–3 – Long Answer
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Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties
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This mapping reflects College Board's exam structure - each FRQ type tests specific skills that are taught in particular units.

Practice FRQ 1 of 351/35

3. Answer the following questions about titanium and its compounds.

Titanium is a transition metal often used in high-strength alloys. The mass spectrum of a sample of pure titanium is shown in Figure 1.

A.

Write the complete ground-state electron configuration for the titanium atom.

Figure 1. Mass spectrum of titanium (relative abundance vs. mass-to-charge ratio, m/z)

Figure 1
B.
i.

Calculate the average atomic mass of titanium using the data in Figure 1.

ii.

Identify the isotope of titanium that corresponds to the peak with the highest relative abundance in Figure 1. Justify your answer in terms of the number of subatomic particles in the nucleus.

A chemist analyzes a pure sample of a chloride of titanium to determine its empirical formula. The data obtained from the experiment are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Data for titanium chloride analysis (masses measured and titanium mass determined)

Table 2
C.
i.

Using the data in Figure 2, calculate the number of moles of chlorine present in the sample.

ii.

Determine the empirical formula of the titanium chloride compound.

Titanium is often extracted from an ore containing titanium(IV) oxide, TiO₂. A 4.00 g sample of the ore is analyzed and found to contain 1.20 g of Ti.

D.

Calculate the mass percent of TiO₂ in the 4.00 g ore sample described above.

E.

The ionic radius of Ti⁴⁺ is 60.5 pm, while the ionic radius of Ca²⁺ is 100 pm. Explain why the radius of Ti⁴⁺ is smaller than the radius of Ca²⁺, even though they are isoelectronic.

Titanium is frequently alloyed with aluminum to increase its strength. A particle-level representation of a titanium-aluminum alloy is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Particle-level diagram of a substitutional titanium–aluminum alloy

Figure 3
F.
i.

Identify the type of alloy represented in Figure 3.

ii.

Explain why this type of alloy forms between titanium and aluminum, rather than an interstitial alloy. Refer to the atomic radii of the elements in your explanation.

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Free Response Question Practice

This practice environment simulates the AP AP Chemistry Free Response Questions section. Here are some guidelines:

  • Read each question carefullybefore responding. Pay attention to command verbs like "identify," "explain," "analyze," or "evaluate."
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Tip: Answer all parts of each question. Partial credit is often available, so even if you are unsure, provide what you know.