US History

🗽US History Unit 18 – Industrialization and Big Business (1870-1900)

The Industrial Revolution transformed America from 1870 to 1900. Rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and big business growth reshaped the economy. Cities expanded as immigrants flocked to factories, while labor unions fought for workers' rights. This era saw the rise of influential figures like Carnegie and Rockefeller. New inventions like the telephone and light bulb revolutionized daily life. However, the period also brought challenges like poor working conditions, income inequality, and environmental issues.

Key Events and Timeline

  • 1870s: Second Industrial Revolution began in the United States, marked by rapid industrialization and technological advancements
  • 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, revolutionizing long-distance communication
  • 1879: Thomas Edison invented the incandescent light bulb, leading to widespread electrification
  • 1882: John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company controlled 90% of the US oil refining industry, exemplifying the rise of monopolies
  • 1886: American Federation of Labor (AFL) was founded, becoming one of the largest labor unions in the United States
    • Led by Samuel Gompers, the AFL focused on improving working conditions and wages for skilled workers
  • 1892: Homestead Strike occurred, a violent labor conflict between the Carnegie Steel Company and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
  • 1893: Panic of 1893 began, a severe economic depression that lasted until 1897, leading to widespread unemployment and social unrest
  • Late 1800s: Rapid urbanization occurred as millions of immigrants arrived in the United States, seeking employment in the growing industrial cities

Industrial Revolution Overview

  • The Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) transformed the United States from an agricultural to an industrial economy
    • Characterized by rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and the rise of big business
  • Factors contributing to the Industrial Revolution in the United States:
    • Abundant natural resources (coal, iron, oil) fueled industrial growth
    • Expansion of transportation networks (railroads) facilitated the movement of goods and people
    • Influx of European immigrants provided a large labor force
    • Government policies (tariffs, land grants) supported industrial development
  • The Industrial Revolution led to significant changes in the American economy and society
    • Shift from small-scale production to large-scale factory manufacturing
    • Emergence of new industries (steel, oil, electricity) and the decline of traditional crafts
    • Rise of urbanization as people moved from rural areas to industrial cities for employment
  • The Industrial Revolution also had negative consequences, such as poor working conditions, income inequality, and environmental degradation

Technological Advancements

  • Bessemer process (1856) revolutionized steel production, making it cheaper and more efficient
    • Enabled the mass production of steel, which was used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and railroads
  • Electricity and the invention of the light bulb (1879) transformed both industry and everyday life
    • Allowed factories to operate longer hours and increased productivity
    • Led to the development of new industries, such as electrical appliances and power generation
  • Internal combustion engine (1876) paved the way for the automobile industry and modern transportation
  • Telephone (1876) and telegraph (1844) revolutionized long-distance communication
    • Facilitated the growth of business and commerce by enabling faster information exchange
  • Typewriter (1868) and cash register (1879) improved office efficiency and business operations
  • Mechanization of agriculture (reapers, tractors) increased farm productivity and freed up labor for industrial work

Rise of Big Business

  • The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of large corporations and monopolies
    • Economies of scale and vertical integration allowed companies to dominate their industries
  • Trusts and holding companies were used to consolidate power and eliminate competition
    • Example: Standard Oil Company controlled 90% of the US oil refining industry by 1882
  • Robber Barons, such as Andrew Carnegie (steel) and J.P. Morgan (banking), amassed enormous wealth and influence
    • Critics accused them of exploiting workers and engaging in unethical business practices
  • Laissez-faire capitalism and limited government regulation enabled the growth of big business
    • However, this led to income inequality, poor working conditions, and monopolistic practices
  • The rise of big business also had positive effects, such as increased efficiency, lower prices for consumers, and the development of new technologies and industries

Labor Movements and Unions

  • The Industrial Revolution led to poor working conditions, long hours, and low wages for many workers
    • Child labor and exploitative practices were common in factories and mines
  • Labor unions emerged to advocate for workers' rights and improve working conditions
    • Example: Knights of Labor (1869) and American Federation of Labor (1886)
  • Unions used strikes, boycotts, and collective bargaining to negotiate with employers
    • Homestead Strike (1892) and Pullman Strike (1894) were notable labor conflicts
  • The government often sided with employers during labor disputes, using injunctions and military force to break strikes
  • Despite setbacks, labor unions gradually gained recognition and improved working conditions
    • Example: Eight-hour workday, restrictions on child labor, and workplace safety regulations
  • The rise of labor unions also contributed to the growth of the middle class and the development of the American consumer economy

Immigration and Urbanization

  • The Industrial Revolution attracted millions of immigrants to the United States, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe
    • Immigrants sought economic opportunities and escape from poverty and political oppression
  • Immigrants often worked in low-paying, dangerous jobs in factories, mines, and construction
    • Faced discrimination, poor living conditions, and limited access to education and social services
  • Rapid urbanization occurred as people moved from rural areas to industrial cities for employment
    • Example: New York, Chicago, and Pittsburgh experienced significant population growth
  • Urbanization led to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and the growth of slums
    • Tenements and ghettos emerged as low-income housing for immigrant and working-class families
  • Urban reformers, such as Jane Addams and Jacob Riis, worked to improve living conditions and provide social services
    • Settlement houses, such as Hull House in Chicago, offered education, healthcare, and community support
  • The influx of immigrants and the growth of cities also led to cultural diversity and the emergence of new social and political movements

Social and Economic Impacts

  • The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching social and economic consequences
    • Widening income inequality between the wealthy industrial elite and the working class
    • Emergence of the middle class, consisting of skilled workers, professionals, and small business owners
  • Urbanization and immigration led to cultural diversity and the growth of ethnic neighborhoods
    • However, it also resulted in social tensions, discrimination, and nativism
  • The rise of consumerism and mass marketing transformed American culture
    • Department stores, mail-order catalogs, and advertising promoted the idea of conspicuous consumption
  • The Industrial Revolution also had negative environmental impacts
    • Pollution, deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources
    • Example: The Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio, caught fire in 1969 due to industrial pollution
  • Progressive Era reformers sought to address the social and economic problems of industrialization
    • Example: Muckrakers, such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell, exposed corporate abuses and advocated for reform

Key Figures and Innovators

  • Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919): Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist, known for his role in the steel industry and his charitable contributions
    • Founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which later merged to form U.S. Steel
    • Believed in the "Gospel of Wealth," which held that the wealthy had a moral obligation to give back to society
  • John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937): American industrialist and philanthropist, founder of the Standard Oil Company
    • Pioneered the use of trusts and horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry
    • Later in life, he became a prominent philanthropist, donating much of his wealth to education and medical research
  • Thomas Edison (1847-1931): American inventor and businessman, known for his contributions to the development of electricity and the light bulb
    • Held over 1,000 patents and founded the General Electric Company
    • His inventions, such as the phonograph and motion picture camera, had a profound impact on modern culture
  • Henry Ford (1863-1947): American industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company
    • Pioneered the use of the assembly line and mass production techniques in the automobile industry
    • Introduced the Model T, which made automobiles affordable and accessible to the middle class
  • J.P. Morgan (1837-1913): American financier and banker, known for his role in the consolidation of the railroad and steel industries
    • Helped to finance the formation of major corporations, such as U.S. Steel and General Electric
    • Played a key role in stabilizing the American economy during the Panic of 1907


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AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.
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