🗽US History Unit 18 – Industrialization and Big Business (1870-1900)
The Industrial Revolution transformed America from 1870 to 1900. Rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and big business growth reshaped the economy. Cities expanded as immigrants flocked to factories, while labor unions fought for workers' rights.
This era saw the rise of influential figures like Carnegie and Rockefeller. New inventions like the telephone and light bulb revolutionized daily life. However, the period also brought challenges like poor working conditions, income inequality, and environmental issues.
Expansion of transportation networks (railroads) facilitated the movement of goods and people
Influx of European immigrants provided a large labor force
Government policies (tariffs, land grants) supported industrial development
The Industrial Revolution led to significant changes in the American economy and society
Shift from small-scale production to large-scale factory manufacturing
Emergence of new industries (steel, oil, electricity) and the decline of traditional crafts
Rise of urbanization as people moved from rural areas to industrial cities for employment
The Industrial Revolution also had negative consequences, such as poor working conditions, income inequality, and environmental degradation
Technological Advancements
Bessemer process (1856) revolutionized steel production, making it cheaper and more efficient
Enabled the mass production of steel, which was used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and railroads
Electricity and the invention of the light bulb (1879) transformed both industry and everyday life
Allowed factories to operate longer hours and increased productivity
Led to the development of new industries, such as electrical appliances and power generation
Internal combustion engine (1876) paved the way for the automobile industry and modern transportation
Telephone (1876) and telegraph (1844) revolutionized long-distance communication
Facilitated the growth of business and commerce by enabling faster information exchange
Typewriter (1868) and cash register (1879) improved office efficiency and business operations
Mechanization of agriculture (reapers, tractors) increased farm productivity and freed up labor for industrial work
Rise of Big Business
The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of large corporations and monopolies
Economies of scale and vertical integration allowed companies to dominate their industries
Trusts and holding companies were used to consolidate power and eliminate competition
Example: Standard Oil Company controlled 90% of the US oil refining industry by 1882
Robber Barons, such as Andrew Carnegie (steel) and J.P. Morgan (banking), amassed enormous wealth and influence
Critics accused them of exploiting workers and engaging in unethical business practices
Laissez-faire capitalism and limited government regulation enabled the growth of big business
However, this led to income inequality, poor working conditions, and monopolistic practices
The rise of big business also had positive effects, such as increased efficiency, lower prices for consumers, and the development of new technologies and industries
Labor Movements and Unions
The Industrial Revolution led to poor working conditions, long hours, and low wages for many workers
Child labor and exploitative practices were common in factories and mines
Labor unions emerged to advocate for workers' rights and improve working conditions
Example: Knights of Labor (1869) and American Federation of Labor (1886)
Unions used strikes, boycotts, and collective bargaining to negotiate with employers
Homestead Strike (1892) and Pullman Strike (1894) were notable labor conflicts
The government often sided with employers during labor disputes, using injunctions and military force to break strikes
Despite setbacks, labor unions gradually gained recognition and improved working conditions
Example: Eight-hour workday, restrictions on child labor, and workplace safety regulations
The rise of labor unions also contributed to the growth of the middle class and the development of the American consumer economy
Immigration and Urbanization
The Industrial Revolution attracted millions of immigrants to the United States, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe
Immigrants sought economic opportunities and escape from poverty and political oppression
Immigrants often worked in low-paying, dangerous jobs in factories, mines, and construction
Faced discrimination, poor living conditions, and limited access to education and social services
Rapid urbanization occurred as people moved from rural areas to industrial cities for employment
Example: New York, Chicago, and Pittsburgh experienced significant population growth
Urbanization led to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and the growth of slums
Tenements and ghettos emerged as low-income housing for immigrant and working-class families
Urban reformers, such as Jane Addams and Jacob Riis, worked to improve living conditions and provide social services
Settlement houses, such as Hull House in Chicago, offered education, healthcare, and community support
The influx of immigrants and the growth of cities also led to cultural diversity and the emergence of new social and political movements
Social and Economic Impacts
The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching social and economic consequences
Widening income inequality between the wealthy industrial elite and the working class
Emergence of the middle class, consisting of skilled workers, professionals, and small business owners
Urbanization and immigration led to cultural diversity and the growth of ethnic neighborhoods
However, it also resulted in social tensions, discrimination, and nativism
The rise of consumerism and mass marketing transformed American culture
Department stores, mail-order catalogs, and advertising promoted the idea of conspicuous consumption
The Industrial Revolution also had negative environmental impacts
Pollution, deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources
Example: The Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio, caught fire in 1969 due to industrial pollution
Progressive Era reformers sought to address the social and economic problems of industrialization
Example: Muckrakers, such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell, exposed corporate abuses and advocated for reform
Key Figures and Innovators
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919): Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist, known for his role in the steel industry and his charitable contributions
Founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which later merged to form U.S. Steel
Believed in the "Gospel of Wealth," which held that the wealthy had a moral obligation to give back to society
John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937): American industrialist and philanthropist, founder of the Standard Oil Company
Pioneered the use of trusts and horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry
Later in life, he became a prominent philanthropist, donating much of his wealth to education and medical research
Thomas Edison (1847-1931): American inventor and businessman, known for his contributions to the development of electricity and the light bulb
Held over 1,000 patents and founded the General Electric Company
His inventions, such as the phonograph and motion picture camera, had a profound impact on modern culture
Henry Ford (1863-1947): American industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company
Pioneered the use of the assembly line and mass production techniques in the automobile industry
Introduced the Model T, which made automobiles affordable and accessible to the middle class
J.P. Morgan (1837-1913): American financier and banker, known for his role in the consolidation of the railroad and steel industries
Helped to finance the formation of major corporations, such as U.S. Steel and General Electric
Played a key role in stabilizing the American economy during the Panic of 1907