9.1 Script formats
8 min read•august 20, 2024
TV script formats are essential tools for conveying information in production. From single-column screenplays to dual-column shooting scripts, each format serves a specific purpose in the creative process. Understanding these formats is crucial for effective communication among the production team.
Script elements like scene headings, action lines, and work together to paint a vivid picture of the story. Proper formatting, including font choice, spacing, and page margins, ensures consistency and readability. Mastering these elements helps writers create professional, production-ready scripts.
Types of script formats
- Script formats in TV production refer to the various ways in which scripts are structured and presented to convey the necessary information for production
- Different script formats serve different purposes and are used at various stages of the production process, from the initial writing phase to the final shooting stage
Single-column vs dual-column
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- Single-column scripts, also known as master scene scripts, present all elements of a scene (scene headings, action lines, character names, dialogue) in a single column format
- Commonly used for the initial writing stage and table reads
- Easier to read and visualize the flow of the story
- Dual-column scripts, also known as two-column scripts or split-page scripts, divide the page into two columns
- Left column contains scene headings, action lines, and character names
- Right column contains dialogue and parentheticals
- Used in the production phase as they provide more space for technical notes and director's comments
Screenplay vs shooting script
- Screenplays are the initial version of a script, focusing on the story, characters, and dialogue
- Used to pitch the story and attract talent to the project
- Serve as the foundation for the
- Shooting scripts are a more detailed version of the , including technical information necessary for production
- Contain scene numbers, camera angles, shot descriptions, and transitions
- Used by the production crew during filming to ensure all necessary elements are captured
Differences in formatting conventions
- Various script formatting software (, Movie Magic Screenwriter) may have slight differences in their default settings
- Margins, font sizes, and line spacing can vary between programs
- Television scripts often have specific formatting requirements based on the network or production company
- limitations, act break placement, and commercial break indications may differ
- Understanding and adhering to the specific formatting conventions of the project is crucial for professional script presentation
Elements of a script
Scene headings
- Also known as sluglines, scene headings indicate the location and time of a scene
- Formatted in all caps
- Typically include three elements: interior or exterior (INT./EXT.), location, and time of day (DAY/NIGHT)
- Example: INT. COFFEE SHOP - DAY
Action lines
- Action lines describe the visual elements of a scene, including character actions, settings, and any necessary descriptions
- Written in present tense and active voice
- Provide a clear picture of what is happening on screen
- Example: John enters the room, nervously fidgeting with his tie.
Character names
- Character names appear above their respective dialogue and are formatted in all caps
- First appearance of a character in the script is often accompanied by a brief description in parentheses
- Example: SARAH (30s, confident) enters the room.
Dialogue
- Dialogue is the spoken words of characters, appearing beneath their character names
- Each character's dialogue starts on a new line
- Dialogue should be concise and reveal character traits, motivations, and plot information
- Example: JOHN I can't believe this is happening.
Parentheticals
- Parentheticals appear beneath character names and provide additional information about how a line should be delivered or a character's action
- Used sparingly to avoid cluttering the script
- Example: SARAH (sarcastically) Yeah, I'm sure that'll work out great.
Transitions
- Transitions indicate how one scene or shot moves to the next
- Common transitions include CUT TO:, DISSOLVE TO:, and FADE IN/OUT
- Used to convey passage of time, change of location, or a shift in tone
- Example: FADE OUT.
Formatting guidelines
Font and spacing
- Scripts are typically written in a 12-point, fixed-width font (Courier, Courier New) to ensure consistent page count and readability
- One page of a script usually equates to one minute of screen time
- Scripts use specific line spacing and indentations for different elements
- Scene headings, action lines, and character names are left-aligned
- Dialogue is indented
- Parentheticals are indented and enclosed in parentheses
Page margins
- Scripts have standardized page margins to ensure consistent formatting across different software and printing methods
- Top and bottom margins are typically set to 1 inch
- Left and right margins are typically set to 1.5 inches
- Adhering to these margins helps maintain the "one page equals one minute" rule of thumb
Scene numbering
- Scenes are numbered consecutively throughout the script to help with organization and referencing during production
- Scene numbers typically appear to the right of the scene heading
- Example: INT. COFFEE SHOP - DAY (SCENE 1)
- Scene numbers are important for scheduling, budgeting, and communication among the production team
Continueds and mores
- When a character's dialogue is interrupted by an or extends across multiple pages, "CONT'D" is used to indicate the continuation
- Appears in parentheses next to the character name when the dialogue resumes
- Example: JOHN I can't believe this is-- Sarah enters the room, interrupting John. JOHN (CONT'D) --happening right now.
- "MORE" and "CONT'D" are also used at the bottom and top of pages to indicate when a scene or dialogue continues across page breaks
Script structure
Teaser vs cold open
- A teaser is a short scene or sequence at the beginning of a TV episode that precedes the opening credits
- Designed to hook the audience and set up the main storyline
- Often ends with a cliffhanger or a compelling question
- A cold open, also known as a pre-credits scene, is similar to a teaser but is not necessarily connected to the main plot of the episode
- Can be a self-contained comedic or dramatic moment
- Used to grab the audience's attention before the main story begins
Acts and act breaks
- TV scripts are typically divided into acts, with act breaks serving as natural points for commercial breaks or narrative shifts
- The number of acts varies depending on the format and runtime of the show
- For example, a one-hour drama might have four acts plus a teaser and tag
- Act breaks are indicated in the script by placing "ACT BREAK" or "END OF ACT" at the appropriate point
- Often accompanied by a cliffhanger or a significant plot development to maintain audience engagement
Tag vs epilogue
- A tag, also known as a button or stinger, is a short scene that appears after the final act and before the end credits
- Often used for comedic effect, to tie up loose ends, or to set up future storylines
- Not all episodes or series include tags
- An epilogue is a more extended scene that takes place after the main story has concluded
- Provides additional closure, reveals the consequences of the characters' actions, or sets up the next episode
- Epilogues are less common than tags and are usually reserved for significant plot developments
Commercial breaks
- For TV scripts, commercial breaks are an essential consideration in the structure and pacing of the story
- Act breaks are strategically placed to accommodate commercial breaks
- Cliffhangers or compelling moments are often positioned before commercial breaks to maintain viewer interest
- The placement and duration of commercial breaks may vary depending on the network and the show's format
- It's essential to understand the specific requirements and adapt the script accordingly
Script revision process
Table reads and feedback
- Table reads involve the cast and creative team reading through the script together, often for the first time
- Allows for initial feedback on the story, characters, and dialogue
- Helps identify areas that need improvement or clarification
- After the table read, the writer incorporates the feedback and makes necessary revisions to the script
- This process may involve multiple drafts and iterations
Colored pages for revisions
- As revisions are made to the script, new pages are often printed on different colored paper to easily distinguish them from the original pages
- For example, first revisions might be on blue pages, second revisions on pink pages, and so on
- This helps the production team quickly identify and incorporate the latest changes
Locking the script
- Once the script has gone through the necessary revisions and has been approved by the creative team, it is considered "locked"
- No further changes are made to the script unless absolutely necessary
- Locking the script allows the production team to move forward with planning, scheduling, and budgeting
- In some cases, minor revisions may still occur during the production process, but these are typically kept to a minimum to avoid disrupting the established plan
Script breakdowns
Purpose of script breakdowns
- Script breakdowns are detailed analyses of a script that identify all the elements needed for production
- Used to create schedules, budgets, and shooting plans
- Help the production team understand the scope and requirements of the project
- Breakdowns are typically created by the assistant director or production manager
Elements included in breakdowns
- Script breakdowns include a comprehensive list of all the elements featured in each scene, such as:
- Cast members and their characters
- Extras and stand-ins
- Props and set dressing
- Costumes and makeup
- Special effects and stunts
- Locations and sets
- Equipment and vehicles
- Each element is assigned a unique identifying code or color to facilitate organization and tracking
Scheduling and budgeting
- The information gathered from script breakdowns is used to create production schedules and budgets
- Schedules are designed to optimize the use of time, resources, and locations
- Budgets are developed based on the identified elements and their associated costs
- Effective scheduling and budgeting rely on accurate and thorough script breakdowns
- Any missing or incorrect information can lead to delays, cost overruns, or logistical challenges during production
Best practices for script writing
Clarity and conciseness
- Scripts should be clear, concise, and easy to understand
- Use simple, direct language and avoid unnecessary jargon or complex sentence structures
- Be specific in descriptions and action lines to paint a vivid picture
- Concise writing helps maintain the pace of the story and keeps the reader engaged
Avoiding overwriting
- Overwriting refers to the use of excessive or overly descriptive language that can slow down the pace of the script
- Avoid lengthy, detailed descriptions of settings or characters unless absolutely necessary
- Trust the director, actors, and production team to interpret and bring the script to life
- Focus on conveying the essential information needed to tell the story effectively
Showing vs telling
- Effective scriptwriting relies on showing the audience what is happening rather than simply telling them
- Use action lines and visual descriptions to convey emotions, relationships, and plot points
- Avoid excessive exposition or characters unnaturally explaining things for the audience's benefit
- Showing allows the audience to experience the story and draw their own conclusions
Maintaining consistent tone
- The tone of a script should be consistent throughout, reflecting the overall mood and genre of the story
- Use language, pacing, and character interactions that align with the intended tone
- Avoid jarring shifts in tone unless intentionally used for dramatic or comedic effect
- Consistency in tone helps create a cohesive and immersive experience for the audience
Key Terms to Review (18)
Action Line: An action line is a crucial element in script formats that describes the physical actions of characters or significant events occurring in a scene. It helps to convey the visual story by detailing what is happening on screen, ensuring that the director, actors, and crew have a clear understanding of the intended movements and interactions. Properly formatted action lines guide the pacing and flow of the narrative, making it easier for everyone involved to visualize the scene as it unfolds.
Celtx: Celtx is a cloud-based software used primarily for screenwriting and pre-production planning in the film and television industry. It offers tools for script formatting, collaboration, and organizing project elements like shot lists and storyboards, making it essential for filmmakers to streamline their production process.
Character arc: A character arc refers to the transformation or inner journey of a character over the course of a story, showcasing their development, changes in personality, beliefs, or worldview. This evolution is essential for engaging storytelling, as it allows audiences to connect with characters on a deeper level, often resulting in a more satisfying narrative. It plays a crucial role in driving the plot forward and can be depicted through various script formats.
Dialogue: Dialogue refers to the spoken exchanges between characters in a narrative, serving as a key tool for storytelling, character development, and plot progression. It not only conveys the thoughts and emotions of characters but also establishes relationships and advances the story. Well-crafted dialogue can enhance sound design through vocal delivery, pacing, and the atmosphere it creates, making it an essential aspect of both sound design principles and script formats.
Final draft: A final draft is the polished and complete version of a script that is ready for production. It represents the culmination of all revisions and edits made during the writing process, ensuring that the narrative, dialogue, and technical elements are coherent and effectively convey the intended story. This stage is crucial as it directly influences other stages of production, including casting, filming, and editing.
Font type: Font type refers to the specific design of text characters that determines their appearance in printed or displayed material. Different font types can convey various tones and emotions, impacting the readability and aesthetic quality of scripts. In script formats, choosing the right font type is essential for maintaining industry standards and ensuring clarity for actors, directors, and production teams.
Hollywood standard: The Hollywood standard refers to the widely accepted formatting and stylistic conventions used in screenwriting, specifically for film and television scripts. This standard is crucial for ensuring that scripts are easily readable and can be efficiently produced, as it provides a uniform structure that all industry professionals recognize. By adhering to this format, writers can focus on storytelling while making sure their work meets the expectations of producers, directors, and other collaborators.
Margin specifications: Margin specifications refer to the defined spaces around the edges of a script page that determine how text is positioned on the page. These specifications are crucial for ensuring that scripts are easy to read, properly formatted, and can be easily produced in a studio setting. By following standard margin specifications, writers maintain consistency across scripts, which is essential for production teams who need to quickly identify and navigate through the content.
Page count: Page count refers to the total number of pages in a script, which is a crucial element in the pre-production phase of television and film projects. This measurement helps determine the overall length of the finished piece, influences budgeting, scheduling, and production resources, and guides casting decisions based on the roles' complexity and duration. Understanding page count is essential for writers and producers as it directly correlates with the pacing and storytelling format.
Polishing: Polishing refers to the final process of refining a script to enhance its clarity, coherence, and overall quality before production. This involves making adjustments to dialogue, structure, and pacing, ensuring that every element of the script serves its purpose effectively. The polishing stage is essential in transforming a draft into a polished script that resonates with the intended audience and aligns with production requirements.
Screenplay: A screenplay is a written work that outlines the narrative, dialogue, and action for a film or television production. It serves as the blueprint for the visual storytelling process, detailing character interactions, settings, and scene descriptions in a structured format that guides directors, actors, and crew during production.
Script doctor: A script doctor is a professional writer hired to revise, rewrite, or improve a screenplay that is not meeting its potential. Their work often focuses on enhancing character development, dialogue, pacing, and overall story structure to make the script more appealing to producers, directors, and audiences. Script doctors typically work on existing scripts rather than creating original material.
Shooting Script: A shooting script is a detailed version of a screenplay that includes specific instructions for camera angles, shot compositions, and other technical aspects of filming. It serves as a blueprint for the production team, outlining how each scene should be visually captured while also indicating any necessary actions or effects. This format is essential for effectively communicating the vision of the director and ensuring that all crew members are aligned in their understanding of the filming process.
Slug line: A slug line is a vital component of script formatting that indicates the setting and time of a scene. It typically appears at the beginning of each scene and includes whether the scene is inside or outside, along with a brief description of the location and the time of day. This helps everyone involved in the production understand where and when the action takes place, setting the stage for the unfolding story.
Spec script: A spec script is a screenplay written on speculation, meaning it is not commissioned by a producer or studio but rather created by a writer with the hope of selling it. This type of script showcases the writer's talent and understanding of storytelling, character development, and industry-standard formatting, making it an essential tool for aspiring screenwriters to break into the industry.
Subtext: Subtext refers to the underlying meaning or implicit ideas present beneath the surface of dialogue and actions in a script. It is the unspoken thoughts and motives that characters might have, which can create tension, drama, or depth to the narrative. Understanding subtext is crucial for effectively interpreting scripts and directing performances, as it enhances character development and audience engagement.
Teleplay: A teleplay is a script written specifically for television production, designed to be visually interpreted by a director and performed by actors. It contains dialogue, stage directions, and descriptions of scenes and characters, making it a unique format that differs from scripts intended for film or theater. Teleplays often have distinct structures, such as acts and scenes, tailored to fit the pacing and storytelling style of television.
Writers Guild of America: The Writers Guild of America (WGA) is a labor union that represents writers in the film, television, and digital media industries in the United States. It plays a crucial role in establishing standards for script formats, ensuring fair compensation, and protecting the rights of writers. The WGA also provides resources for screenwriters, including guidelines for formatting scripts, which are essential for professional writing in the industry.