12.1 Site Characterization and Resource Assessment
5 min read•august 7, 2024
Site characterization and resource assessment are crucial steps in tidal and wave energy projects. They involve measuring tidal ranges, current velocities, and to identify promising locations. These assessments help developers understand the energy potential and feasibility of potential sites.
Detailed surveys and mapping provide essential data for project planning. , geotechnical studies, and inform device design and installation. Environmental impact assessments are also vital, ensuring projects minimize harm to marine ecosystems and comply with regulations.
Tidal Resource Assessment
Measuring Tidal Range and Current Velocity
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- quantifies the vertical difference in water level between high and low tide
- Measured using tide gauges or pressure sensors deployed at the site
- Tidal range varies with location and is influenced by factors such as coastal geometry and bathymetry
- Higher tidal ranges generally indicate greater potential for tidal energy extraction (Bay of Fundy, Canada)
- refers to the speed and direction of tidal currents
- Measured using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) or electromagnetic current meters
- Current velocity varies throughout the tidal cycle and is typically highest during mid-tide
- Tidal currents are driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun and are influenced by local bathymetry and coastline shape (Pentland Firth, Scotland)
Tidal Stream Atlas and Data Analysis
- provides a comprehensive map of tidal current velocities and directions for a specific region
- Created using a combination of field measurements, numerical modeling, and satellite data
- Helps identify potential sites with high tidal current velocities suitable for tidal energy development
- Tidal stream atlases are available for many regions worldwide (UK Atlas of Marine Renewable Energy Resources)
- (ADCP) is a device used to measure current velocities and directions throughout the water column
- Uses sound waves to measure the Doppler shift caused by moving water particles
- Deployed from a boat or mounted on a seabed frame for long-term measurements
- ADCP data is processed and analyzed to characterize the tidal resource at a specific site and inform the design of tidal energy devices (Admiralty Inlet, Washington State)
Wave Resource Assessment
Wave Energy Flux and Measurement Techniques
- Wave energy flux quantifies the power available in ocean waves per unit width of wavefront
- Calculated using wave height, period, and water density
- Wave energy flux varies with location and is influenced by factors such as wind patterns, fetch, and bathymetry
- Higher wave energy flux indicates greater potential for wave energy extraction (West coast of Ireland)
- are floating devices used to measure wave height, period, and direction
- Equipped with accelerometers, gyroscopes, and GPS to measure wave motion and position
- Data is transmitted to shore for analysis and resource assessment
- Wave buoys provide long-term measurements of wave conditions at a specific site (NDBC buoys, US)
Hydrodynamic Modeling for Wave Resource Characterization
- simulates the propagation and transformation of ocean waves over a specific domain
- Uses numerical methods to solve the governing equations of fluid motion
- Incorporates bathymetry, wind forcing, and boundary conditions to predict wave conditions
- Hydrodynamic models can be used to assess the wave resource over a large area and identify potential sites for wave energy development (SWAN model)
- Hydrodynamic modeling can also be used to optimize the layout and design of wave energy converters
- Simulates the interaction between waves and wave energy devices
- Helps determine the optimal spacing, orientation, and configuration of wave energy arrays
- Hydrodynamic modeling is an essential tool for assessing the performance and impacts of wave energy projects (WaveDyn model)
Site Surveys and Mapping
Bathymetry and Geotechnical Surveys
- Bathymetry is the measurement of water depth and underwater topography
- Conducted using echo sounders, multibeam sonar, or LiDAR
- Provides a detailed map of the seabed morphology and features
- Bathymetric data is essential for site selection, device installation, and cable routing (Pentland Firth bathymetry survey)
- investigate the physical properties of the seabed sediments and underlying geology
- Involves collecting sediment samples and conducting in-situ tests (cone penetration tests)
- Determines the bearing capacity, stability, and suitability of the seabed for anchoring or foundation systems
- Geotechnical data informs the design and installation of tidal and wave energy devices (Meygen project geotechnical survey)
GIS Mapping and Sediment Transport Analysis
- GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping integrates various spatial datasets to create a comprehensive site characterization
- Combines bathymetry, geotechnical data, environmental constraints, and infrastructure information
- Helps identify suitable sites for tidal and wave energy development and optimize the layout of devices
- is a powerful tool for site selection, permitting, and stakeholder engagement (Marine Scotland Interactive)
- Sediment transport analysis assesses the movement of seabed sediments due to tidal currents and waves
- Uses numerical models to simulate sediment dynamics and morphological changes
- Helps predict the potential impacts of tidal and wave energy devices on seabed stability and coastal processes
- Sediment transport analysis is important for assessing the long-term sustainability and environmental impacts of marine energy projects (Severn Estuary sediment transport study)
Environmental Considerations
Environmental Impact Assessment
- (EIA) is a process for identifying and evaluating the potential environmental effects of a proposed tidal or wave energy project
- Considers impacts on marine life, habitats, water quality, and other users of the marine space
- Involves baseline surveys, impact prediction, mitigation measures, and monitoring plans
- EIA is a legal requirement in many countries and is essential for obtaining project consents and licenses (Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon EIA)
- EIA typically includes the following key stages:
- Screening: Determines whether an EIA is required based on the project's characteristics and location
- Scoping: Identifies the key environmental issues and sets the terms of reference for the EIA
- Baseline studies: Collects data on the existing environmental conditions and establishes a reference point for impact assessment
- Impact assessment: Predicts and evaluates the likely environmental impacts of the project, including cumulative effects
- Mitigation and monitoring: Proposes measures to avoid, reduce, or offset adverse impacts and outlines plans for long-term monitoring and adaptive management
- Stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the EIA process
- Involves engaging with local communities, regulators, and other interested parties
- Helps identify potential concerns, gather local knowledge, and build public support for the project
- Stakeholder consultation is essential for ensuring the social acceptability and sustainability of tidal and wave energy development (Orkney Marine Renewable Energy Forum)
Key Terms to Review (20)
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler: An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an advanced instrument that uses the Doppler effect of sound waves to measure water current velocities over a range of depths. It plays a vital role in understanding tidal flows and currents, which is essential for assessing tidal energy resources and site characteristics in marine environments. By providing real-time data on the velocity and direction of currents, ADCPs help engineers and researchers evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of tidal energy projects.
Bathymetry: Bathymetry is the study and measurement of the underwater depth of ocean floors, lakes, and rivers, utilizing techniques such as sonar and satellite altimetry. Understanding bathymetry is essential for assessing ocean energy resources, as it influences tidal currents, wave behavior, and site suitability for energy generation technologies.
Capacity Factor: The capacity factor is a measure of how effectively an energy generation system produces electricity compared to its maximum potential output over a specific period. It reflects the actual energy output relative to the maximum possible output if the system operated at full capacity continuously, which is essential for understanding the efficiency and reliability of energy systems, especially in the context of renewable sources like ocean energy.
Current velocity: Current velocity refers to the speed and direction of water movement in a specific location, which is crucial for understanding the energy available from tides and waves. This measurement directly influences the efficiency of energy conversion systems, such as those that harness wave and tidal power, and helps determine the best sites for installation. An accurate assessment of current velocity is essential for optimizing device performance and maximizing energy extraction.
Energy Density: Energy density refers to the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume or mass. This concept is crucial when evaluating different energy sources, as it directly impacts their efficiency, feasibility, and potential for power generation from various natural phenomena such as tides and waves.
Environmental Impact Assessment: An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to evaluate the potential environmental effects of a proposed project or development before it is carried out. This assessment considers factors such as biodiversity, water quality, and habitat alteration, aiming to minimize negative impacts and promote sustainable development. The EIA process is crucial for ensuring that the implications of energy projects are fully understood and addressed before implementation.
Geotechnical surveys: Geotechnical surveys are investigations carried out to assess the physical properties and behavior of soil and rock in a specific area. These surveys play a crucial role in understanding ground conditions, which is essential for the design and construction of foundations, anchoring systems, and other structures related to tidal and wave energy projects. By analyzing soil composition, stability, and potential risks, geotechnical surveys help inform decisions regarding site selection and engineering design.
Gis mapping: GIS mapping, or Geographic Information System mapping, is a technology used to capture, store, analyze, and manage spatial or geographic data. It allows for the visualization and analysis of data in relation to geographical locations, making it crucial for evaluating resource distribution and site characteristics. By integrating various data types such as topography, hydrology, and human activities, GIS mapping plays a vital role in assessing tidal resources and determining the suitability of sites for energy projects.
Hydrodynamic Modeling: Hydrodynamic modeling refers to the simulation and analysis of fluid flow and its interactions with structures in marine and freshwater environments. This modeling is essential for understanding how water moves and behaves in relation to tidal energy systems, wave energy devices, and other aquatic infrastructure, helping to predict performance and optimize designs.
Hydrokinetic potential: Hydrokinetic potential refers to the energy available in moving water, primarily generated by tides and waves. This energy can be harnessed to produce electricity through various technologies that convert kinetic energy into usable power, making it an important resource in the context of renewable energy generation and resource assessment.
Marine biodiversity: Marine biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms found in oceanic environments, including the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variations. This rich tapestry of life is crucial for maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems and contributes to human well-being through services such as food provision, coastal protection, and climate regulation. Understanding marine biodiversity is essential when assessing the health of marine environments, particularly in relation to energy resource development.
Marine Spatial Planning: Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a systematic approach to managing ocean space and resources to balance ecological, economic, and social objectives. It helps in organizing human activities in marine areas to minimize conflicts and enhance sustainability while considering marine ecosystems and their services.
Oscillating Water Column: An oscillating water column (OWC) is a type of wave energy converter that uses the movement of water within a column to generate energy. As waves enter the column, they create changes in water levels, causing air above the water to be compressed and expanded, which can drive a turbine to produce electricity. This mechanism connects with various aspects of wave energy technology and site assessments for effective energy capture.
Point absorber: A point absorber is a type of wave energy converter that captures the energy of ocean waves by floating on the surface and moving with the wave motion. It typically consists of a buoyant structure that moves up and down with the waves, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy through various means, such as hydraulic systems or linear generators. This technology is particularly advantageous because it can operate effectively in a variety of wave conditions and can be deployed in both nearshore and offshore environments.
Seabed mapping: Seabed mapping is the process of creating detailed maps of the ocean floor, capturing its topography, composition, and features. This mapping is essential for understanding underwater landscapes, assessing natural resources, and identifying suitable sites for energy projects like tidal and wave energy systems. The information gathered through seabed mapping aids in decision-making for site characterization and resource assessment.
Sediment transport analysis: Sediment transport analysis is the study of how sediment moves within aquatic environments, influenced by factors like water flow, wave action, and gravity. This analysis is crucial for understanding sediment dynamics, which directly impacts coastal and marine ecosystems, infrastructure, and resource management.
Tidal Range: Tidal range refers to the vertical difference in height between the high tide and low tide in a specific area, and it is a key factor in understanding tidal patterns and energy potential. The tidal range influences how water moves in and out of coastal basins, affecting the design and efficiency of energy systems. It plays a critical role in site selection for tidal energy projects, as locations with greater tidal ranges often present more significant opportunities for harnessing tidal energy through various technologies.
Tidal Stream Atlas: A tidal stream atlas is a comprehensive map that details the speed, direction, and potential energy of tidal currents in specific marine areas. These atlases are crucial for identifying optimal locations for tidal energy extraction and play a vital role in site characterization and resource assessment, providing valuable data for the development of tidal energy projects.
Wave Buoys: Wave buoys are floating devices used to measure the characteristics of ocean waves, such as height, period, and direction. They play a crucial role in gathering data that informs site characterization and resource assessment for wave energy projects, allowing engineers to understand the potential energy output from wave systems.
Wave energy flux: Wave energy flux is the rate at which wave energy passes through a unit width of a wave front, typically expressed in watts per meter (W/m). This concept is crucial for understanding how much energy can be harnessed from ocean waves, informing decisions related to site selection and resource assessment. Wave energy flux helps quantify the potential of different locations for wave energy generation, directly influencing the effectiveness of various wave energy devices and strategies used in harnessing this renewable resource.