💼Strategic Cost Management Unit 13 – Value Chain & Supply Chain in Cost Management
Value chain and supply chain management are crucial aspects of cost management in business. These concepts focus on optimizing activities that create value for customers and streamlining the flow of goods from suppliers to end users.
Key strategies include lean manufacturing, just-in-time inventory, and total quality management. Companies analyze their value chains to identify cost reduction opportunities and improve efficiency. Supply chain management aims to coordinate activities across partners, balancing cost, quality, and customer satisfaction.
Value chain encompasses all activities that create value for customers, from product conception to after-sales service
Supply chain focuses on the flow of goods, information, and finances from suppliers to end customers
Cost management strategies aim to optimize costs throughout the value chain and supply chain
Value chain analysis identifies primary and support activities that contribute to a company's competitive advantage
Supply chain management coordinates and integrates all supply chain activities to improve efficiency and customer satisfaction
Lean manufacturing minimizes waste and maximizes value in the production process
Just-in-time (JIT) inventory management reduces inventory costs by delivering materials just as they are needed
Total quality management (TQM) emphasizes continuous improvement and customer satisfaction across the value chain
Value Chain Basics
The value chain concept was introduced by Michael Porter in 1985 to describe the series of activities that create value for customers
Primary activities in the value chain include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service
Inbound logistics involve receiving, storing, and distributing raw materials and components
Operations transform inputs into finished products or services
Outbound logistics distribute finished products to customers
Support activities include firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development, and procurement
Firm infrastructure includes general management, planning, finance, and legal support
Human resource management involves recruiting, training, and compensating employees
Value chain analysis helps companies identify areas for cost reduction and differentiation
Supply Chain Fundamentals
The supply chain encompasses all organizations involved in fulfilling a customer request, from raw material suppliers to end customers
Key supply chain processes include planning, sourcing, manufacturing, delivering, and returning
Planning involves forecasting demand, planning production, and managing inventory
Sourcing involves selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts, and managing supplier relationships
Supply chain management aims to coordinate and integrate all supply chain activities to improve efficiency and customer satisfaction
Effective supply chain management requires collaboration and information sharing among all supply chain partners
Supply chain performance metrics include cost, quality, delivery, and flexibility
Supply chain risks include supply disruptions, demand volatility, and quality issues
Cost Management Strategies
Cost management strategies aim to optimize costs throughout the value chain and supply chain
Activity-based costing (ABC) assigns costs to activities based on their resource consumption, providing more accurate cost information than traditional costing methods
Target costing sets a target cost based on market price and desired profit margin, then works to achieve that cost through product design and process improvements
Kaizen costing focuses on continuous incremental cost reductions throughout the product life cycle
Value engineering analyzes product functions and costs to identify opportunities for cost reduction without sacrificing quality or functionality
Value engineering often involves redesigning products or processes to eliminate unnecessary features or components
Cost-benefit analysis compares the costs and benefits of different cost management strategies to determine the most effective approach
Value vs. Supply Chain: What's the Difference?
The value chain focuses on creating value for customers, while the supply chain focuses on delivering products and services to customers
The value chain includes all activities that create value, from product conception to after-sales service, while the supply chain focuses on the flow of goods, information, and finances from suppliers to end customers
Value chain analysis identifies primary and support activities that contribute to a company's competitive advantage, while supply chain management aims to optimize the flow of goods and information across the supply chain
The value chain is more customer-focused, while the supply chain is more operations-focused
The value chain emphasizes differentiation and customer value, while the supply chain emphasizes efficiency and cost reduction
The value chain and supply chain are interconnected, as supply chain activities support the value creation process
Optimizing the Value Chain
Value chain optimization involves identifying and improving activities that create the most value for customers while minimizing costs
Value chain mapping visually represents all activities in the value chain, helping to identify areas for improvement
Benchmarking compares a company's value chain performance to industry best practices or competitors to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement
Process reengineering involves fundamentally rethinking and redesigning business processes to improve performance
Process reengineering often involves eliminating non-value-added activities and streamlining processes
Outsourcing non-core activities can reduce costs and improve focus on core competencies
Vertical integration, or bringing more value chain activities in-house, can improve control and coordination but may increase costs and complexity
Supply Chain Efficiency Techniques
Supply chain efficiency techniques aim to reduce costs, improve quality, and increase responsiveness across the supply chain
Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) involves suppliers managing inventory levels at customer locations, reducing inventory costs and stockouts
Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) involves sharing information and collaborating with supply chain partners to improve demand forecasting and inventory management
Cross-docking involves unloading materials from incoming vehicles and loading them directly onto outgoing vehicles, reducing storage and handling costs
Postponement delays final product configuration until customer orders are received, reducing inventory costs and increasing customization
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses radio waves to track and identify items in the supply chain, improving visibility and reducing errors
Real-World Applications
Zara, a fast-fashion retailer, has optimized its value chain to quickly respond to changing customer demands by vertically integrating design, production, and distribution
Toyota's lean manufacturing system, the Toyota Production System (TPS), has become a model for efficient production and continuous improvement
Amazon has revolutionized the e-commerce supply chain through innovations like two-day shipping, drone delivery, and predictive analytics
Procter & Gamble has improved supply chain efficiency through initiatives like vendor-managed inventory and collaborative planning with key retailers like Walmart
Cisco Systems has outsourced much of its manufacturing to focus on core competencies like product design and marketing
Apple has achieved a competitive advantage through its focus on product design and customer experience, supported by an efficient global supply chain
Challenges and Future Trends
Globalization has increased the complexity of value chains and supply chains, requiring greater coordination and risk management
Sustainability concerns are driving companies to consider the environmental and social impacts of their value chain and supply chain activities
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of supply chain resilience and the need for greater flexibility and agility
Digitalization and Industry 4.0 technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain are transforming value chains and supply chains
IoT enables real-time monitoring and optimization of supply chain processes
AI can improve demand forecasting, production planning, and logistics optimization
Omnichannel retailing, which integrates online and offline channels, requires new approaches to supply chain management and fulfillment
The circular economy, which emphasizes reuse, recycling, and regeneration, is driving new approaches to value chain and supply chain design