Glossary

10.3 Musical instruments used in sacred performances

4 min read•august 13, 2024

Musical instruments play a crucial role in Chinese sacred performances. From the ancient bells to the expressive zither, these instruments create powerful atmospheres for spiritual practices. Their unique sounds and playing techniques evoke emotions and symbolize cosmic harmony.

Each instrument carries deep symbolism in religious contexts. The guqin represents moral character in Confucianism, while the embodies transformation in Buddhism. Together, these instruments create rich soundscapes that transport listeners to heightened spiritual states during sacred ceremonies.

Instruments in Chinese Sacred Performances

Common Instruments

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  • Bianzhong (編鐘) an ancient Chinese musical instrument consisting of a set of bronze bells, typically arranged in a wooden frame and struck with a mallet to produce musical tones
  • Guqin (古琴) a seven-stringed zither that has played a significant role in Chinese sacred music for over 3,000 years, often associated with Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist traditions
  • (笛子) a Chinese transverse flute made from bamboo, featuring a distinctive membrane covering one of the holes, which produces a buzzing timbre when played
  • (琵琶) a four-stringed, pear-shaped lute with a history dating back to the Han Dynasty, known for its expressive and versatile playing techniques
  • Sheng (笙) a mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes, each with a reed, inserted into a wind chest, creating a unique sound often associated with sacred performances
  • (古箏) a Chinese plucked zither with a long history, featuring 16 to 21 strings stretched over movable bridges, allowing for a wide range of expressive techniques

Ensembles and Combinations

  • The combination of instruments in Chinese sacred music is carefully chosen to create a specific ambiance that supports the spiritual purpose of the performance, whether it be meditation, prayer, or ritual
  • The interplay between instruments in Chinese sacred music mirrors the interplay of various spiritual forces and ideas, with each instrument representing a different aspect of the divine or human experience
  • Their combined sound symbolizes the unity and harmony of the cosmos

Characteristics of Sacred Instruments

Construction and Design

  • Bianzhong bells are cast in various sizes and tuned to different pitches, with the set covering a range of several octaves
  • Guqin is constructed from wood (usually paulownia or catalpa) and silk strings
  • Dizi is made from a single piece of bamboo with a blowing hole, finger holes, and a distinctive membrane (made from reed or paper) covering one hole, which vibrates when played to create a buzzing sound
  • Pipa has a pear-shaped wooden body with four strings tuned in pairs
  • Sheng consists of a wind chest with a mouthpiece and a series of bamboo pipes, each containing a free reed
  • Guzheng is constructed with a long, rectangular wooden body and movable bridges, allowing for fine-tuning and ornamentation

Playing Techniques and Tonal Qualities

  • Bianzhong bells are struck with a mallet on the outside, producing a clear, resonant tone with a long sustain
  • Guqin playing technique involves plucking the strings with the right hand while pressing them with the left hand to produce different pitches, vibratos, and glissandos
  • Dizi techniques include circular breathing, finger vibrato, and bending tones
  • Pipa is played with a plectrum attached to the fingers and techniques include tremolo, glissando, harmonics, and percussive strikes on the body of the instrument
  • Sheng player blows into the mouthpiece and selects notes by covering finger holes on the pipes, allowing for the playing of chords and polyphonic melodies
  • Guzheng playing techniques include plucking, strumming, bending tones, harmonics, and percussive effects

Symbolism of Instruments in Religious Contexts

Confucian and Taoist Traditions

  • In Confucian traditions, the guqin is associated with the cultivation of moral character, self-reflection, and harmony, as playing the instrument was considered an essential part of a scholar's education and spiritual practice
  • Taoist beliefs often connect the guqin and dizi to the pursuit of inner peace, spontaneity, and oneness with nature, as the instruments' sounds are thought to evoke the natural world and facilitate meditation
  • The bianzhong, with its complex harmonies and long-sustaining tones, is associated with the idea of cosmic harmony and the balance of yin and yang, reflecting the Confucian and Taoist emphasis on order and unity

Buddhist Practices

  • Buddhist rituals frequently incorporate the pipa and guzheng, as their expressive tones are believed to help convey spiritual messages, evoke emotional states, and create an atmosphere conducive to enlightenment
  • The sheng is often linked to the concept of the phoenix in Chinese mythology, with its shape resembling the bird's wings and its sound symbolizing the phoenix's call, making it a powerful symbol of transformation and rebirth in sacred contexts

Role of Instruments in Sacred Experiences

Creating Spiritual Atmospheres

  • The guqin and dizi, with their subtle and expressive tones, are often used to create a contemplative and introspective atmosphere, encouraging practitioners to look within and connect with their inner selves
  • The pipa and guzheng, with their dynamic range and versatility, can evoke a wide range of emotions and mental states, from tranquility to ecstasy, guiding participants through the various stages of a spiritual journey
  • The sheng, with its unique timbre and ability to play chords, contributes to the creation of a rich, layered soundscape that envelops the listener and transports them to a heightened state of spiritual awareness

Marking Significant Moments

  • The bianzhong, with its majestic and resonant tones, is often used to mark important moments in sacred ceremonies, such as the beginning or end of a ritual
  • The bianzhong creates a sense of solemnity and grandeur that reinforces the significance of the event
  • The interplay between instruments in Chinese sacred music mirrors the interplay of various spiritual forces and ideas, with each instrument representing a different aspect of the divine or human experience, and their combined sound symbolizing the unity and harmony of the cosmos

Key Terms to Review (22)

Bianzhong: Bianzhong is a traditional Chinese bronze bell used in various sacred performances and ceremonies, known for its rich sound and intricate designs. These bells are significant not only as musical instruments but also as symbols of power and authority, often associated with rituals in ancient China.
Buddhist Chant: Buddhist chant refers to the vocal recitation of texts, mantras, or sutras in the practice of Buddhism, often employed as a form of meditation, devotion, or ritual. This practice is deeply embedded in Buddhist traditions and can serve to enhance spiritual focus, foster mindfulness, and create a sense of community among practitioners. The rhythms and tones used in chanting can also be influenced by musical instruments that accompany the chants, further enriching the sacred performance experience.
Chanting ceremonies: Chanting ceremonies are ritualistic vocal expressions that involve the repetitive utterance of words or sounds, often in a melodic manner, to evoke spiritual significance and create a sacred atmosphere. These ceremonies are deeply connected to various religious traditions, serving as a means of communication with the divine and facilitating communal participation. The performance of chanting ceremonies frequently incorporates musical instruments that enhance the overall spiritual experience, fostering a deeper connection between the participants and their beliefs.
Chen yi: Chen yi refers to the concept of 'pure sound' or 'true tone' in the context of sacred music, emphasizing the importance of authenticity and clarity in musical performance. This term is integral to understanding how musical instruments are used in sacred performances, as it highlights the need for a genuine and unembellished sound that resonates spiritually with the audience.
Cultural Cohesion: Cultural cohesion refers to the unity and solidarity within a group or society that arises from shared beliefs, values, traditions, and practices. This concept is particularly significant in understanding how different communities come together, particularly during sacred performances, where shared cultural expressions and musical instruments reinforce collective identity and spiritual connections among participants.
Daoist ritual music: Daoist ritual music refers to the specific musical compositions and performances used in Daoist ceremonies to enhance spiritual practices and connect with the divine. This type of music plays a vital role in rituals, facilitating communication between practitioners and deities while creating an atmosphere conducive to meditation and reverence. The sounds produced help to establish a sacred space that supports the intentions of the ceremonies.
Dizi: The dizi is a traditional Chinese bamboo flute known for its distinctive sound and cultural significance. Typically made from bamboo, it features a complex finger-hole system that allows for a wide range of notes and is often used in various musical settings, including sacred performances. The dizi's ethereal tone makes it a popular choice in religious and ceremonial music, reflecting both the artistry of the instrument and its deep connections to Chinese spirituality.
Dizi in ancestral rites: The dizi is a traditional Chinese bamboo flute that plays a vital role in various ceremonial practices, especially in ancestral rites. This musical instrument is often used to create an atmospheric soundscape that honors ancestors during rituals, reflecting the deep respect for lineage and heritage in Chinese culture. Its melodic tones enhance the spiritual ambiance of these rites, facilitating communication with the ancestors and marking significant familial events.
Guqin: The guqin is a traditional Chinese string instrument with seven strings, known for its deep cultural and historical significance. It has been played for over three thousand years and is often associated with Confucian ideals and scholarly pursuits. The guqin serves not only as a musical instrument but also as a means of expressing philosophical ideas and emotions, particularly in the context of ritual music and sacred performances.
Guzheng: The guzheng is a traditional Chinese stringed musical instrument that has a history of over 2,500 years. It features a long, rectangular body with strings stretched across movable bridges, allowing for a rich, resonant sound that is often used in both solo performances and ensemble settings. The guzheng plays an important role in various cultural and sacred performances, often used to convey emotions and enhance spiritual experiences.
Liu wenjin: Liu wenjin, often translated as 'musical instruments for the rites,' refers to specific traditional Chinese musical instruments that are used in sacred and ritual performances. These instruments play a crucial role in the spiritual and ceremonial practices within various religious contexts, enhancing the overall atmosphere of reverence and connection to the divine. Liu wenjin are not only tools for creating music but also symbols that embody cultural beliefs and spiritual significance in sacred performances.
Musical transcendence: Musical transcendence refers to the ability of music to evoke feelings or experiences that go beyond ordinary human perception, often leading individuals to a heightened state of awareness or spirituality. This phenomenon can be closely associated with sacred performances, where music acts as a medium to connect the listener with the divine or a higher realm, facilitating emotional release and spiritual reflection.
Pipa: The pipa is a traditional Chinese string instrument with a pear-shaped body and four strings, known for its expressive sound and virtuosic playing techniques. It plays a vital role in both secular and sacred music, often featured in religious ceremonies and performances that aim to connect the divine with the audience. Its rich history and cultural significance make it an essential part of China's musical heritage.
Ritual performances: Ritual performances are structured, symbolic actions performed in a specific context that convey meaning, often linked to religious or cultural traditions. These performances are characterized by a set sequence of actions and the use of specific elements, such as music, dance, and visual arts, which together create a communal experience that reinforces social bonds and cultural identity.
Ritual soundscapes: Ritual soundscapes refer to the auditory environments created during sacred ceremonies, encompassing the various sounds, including music, chants, and instrumentations that contribute to the spiritual atmosphere. These soundscapes serve to enhance the emotional and experiential dimensions of rituals, helping participants connect more deeply with the spiritual significance of the event. The integration of musical instruments in these settings plays a crucial role in shaping the overall sensory experience and reinforcing cultural and religious identity.
Sheng: Sheng is a traditional Chinese mouth-blown free reed instrument that is part of the family of instruments known as aerophones. It plays a crucial role in both ritual music and secular performances, often being used to create harmony and add depth to religious ceremonies. The sheng's unique sound is characterized by its ability to produce multiple notes simultaneously, making it an essential element in ensemble settings during sacred events and performances.
Song Dynasty: The Song Dynasty was a period in Chinese history that lasted from 960 to 1279, known for its remarkable achievements in culture, economics, and technology. This era saw a flourishing of sacred arts influenced by the dynamic interplay of religion and philosophy, setting the stage for significant artistic and spiritual developments.
Sonic offerings: Sonic offerings refer to the use of sound, particularly music and musical instruments, as a form of spiritual or ritualistic expression in sacred performances. These auditory elements are believed to facilitate a connection with the divine, enhance the atmosphere of worship, and evoke emotional responses among participants, making them an integral part of many religious practices across cultures.
Sound Symbolism: Sound symbolism refers to the phenomenon where the sound of a word or musical note carries meaning that relates to its reference, rather than being arbitrary. This concept extends to sacred performances, where specific musical instruments and their tones can evoke certain emotions or spiritual states, enhancing the overall experience of the ritual or ceremony.
Spiritual resonance: Spiritual resonance refers to the deep, emotional connection and harmony that individuals experience when engaging with sacred practices or environments. This concept emphasizes how certain musical instruments, sounds, and performances can evoke feelings of transcendence, unity, and connection to the divine, enhancing the overall sacred experience.
Tang Dynasty: The Tang Dynasty was a significant imperial dynasty in Chinese history that lasted from 618 to 907 AD, known for its cultural, political, and economic flourishing. This era is often regarded as a high point of Chinese civilization, influencing various aspects of art, literature, and religious practices that would shape the future of sacred arts in China.
Yangqin: The yangqin is a traditional Chinese hammered dulcimer, which is a musical instrument played by striking strings with mallets. In temple festivals, it serves as a vital instrument that enhances the ceremonial atmosphere, often accompanying rituals and performances. Its unique sound and versatility allow it to blend seamlessly with other instruments, enriching the auditory experience of the festival and connecting the community to their cultural heritage.
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