👥Organizational Behavior Unit 9 – Group and Intergroup Relations

Key Concepts in Group Dynamics

• Group dynamics encompasses the attitudes and behavioral patterns of a group, the interactions between group members, and the formation of a shared identity
• Norms are the informal, unwritten rules that govern group behavior and are used to assess the appropriateness of members' actions
• Group cohesion refers to the degree of attraction and loyalty that members feel toward the group and their desire to remain part of it
  • Factors influencing cohesion include shared goals, external threats, and member similarity
• Groupthink occurs when a group's desire for harmony overrides critical thinking and leads to poor decision-making
  • Symptoms include illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressure on dissenters
• Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working independently
• Group polarization is the phenomenon where group discussions lead to more extreme decisions than the initial inclination of its members
• Diversity in groups can lead to increased creativity and innovation but may also result in communication challenges and conflict

Types of Groups in Organizations

• Formal groups are established by the organization to achieve specific goals and have a designated structure and hierarchy (departments, project teams)
• Informal groups emerge naturally based on shared interests, values, or social connections among members (lunch groups, social clubs)
  • Informal groups can influence member behavior and organizational culture
• Command groups consist of individuals who report directly to the same supervisor and work together to accomplish assigned tasks
• Task forces are temporary groups formed to solve a specific problem or complete a project within a limited timeframe
• Self-managed teams are given autonomy to make decisions and manage their own work processes with minimal external supervision
• Virtual teams consist of geographically dispersed members who collaborate using digital communication tools (video conferencing, instant messaging)
• Cross-functional teams bring together individuals from different departments or areas of expertise to work on a common goal

Stages of Group Development

• Forming is the initial stage where group members become acquainted, establish goals, and define roles and responsibilities
  • Members may experience uncertainty and rely on formal leadership for guidance
• Storming is characterized by conflict and disagreement as members challenge each other's ideas and vie for status and influence
  • Effective communication and conflict resolution skills are crucial during this stage
• Norming occurs when the group establishes a shared understanding of its purpose, norms, and expectations for member behavior
  • Members develop a sense of cohesion and commitment to the group's goals
• Performing is the stage where the group is fully functional and focused on achieving its objectives
  • Members work collaboratively, make decisions efficiently, and adapt to changing circumstances
• Adjourning involves the dissolution of the group upon completion of its task or project
  • Members may experience a sense of loss and need support in transitioning to new roles

Factors Influencing Group Performance

• Group size can impact communication, coordination, and member participation, with larger groups often experiencing more challenges
• Task interdependence refers to the degree to which group members rely on each other to complete their work
  • High interdependence requires greater coordination and communication
• Role clarity ensures that members understand their responsibilities and how their work contributes to the group's goals
• Group composition, including diversity in skills, knowledge, and backgrounds, can influence problem-solving and decision-making effectiveness
• Psychological safety is the shared belief that the group is a safe space for interpersonal risk-taking, which promotes learning and innovation
• Leadership style and effectiveness can shape group processes, motivation, and outcomes
• Organizational culture and support systems, such as rewards, resources, and training, can enable or hinder group performance

Intergroup Relations and Conflict

• Intergroup relations refer to the interactions and dynamics between different groups within an organization
• Intergroup conflict arises when there are incompatible goals, competition for resources, or differences in values and beliefs between groups
  • Conflict can be functional if it leads to constructive problem-solving and improved decision-making
• Social identity theory suggests that individuals derive a sense of self-worth and belonging from their group memberships
  • This can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination
• Stereotyping involves making generalizations about individuals based on their group membership, which can perpetuate bias and prejudice
• Realistic conflict theory proposes that competition for scarce resources drives intergroup conflict and hostility
• Intergroup contact theory suggests that positive interactions between groups can reduce prejudice and improve relations
  • Conditions for successful contact include equal status, common goals, and institutional support
• Strategies for managing intergroup conflict include fostering open communication, promoting superordinate goals, and encouraging perspective-taking

Leadership and Group Decision Making

• Leadership plays a crucial role in shaping group processes, motivating members, and facilitating decision-making
• Transformational leaders inspire and empower followers to achieve shared goals and challenge the status quo
  • They provide individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, and idealized influence
• Transactional leaders focus on exchanging rewards for performance and maintaining stability through active management by exception
• Participative leadership involves sharing decision-making power with group members and encouraging their input and involvement
• Directive leadership provides clear instructions and expectations, which can be effective in high-stress or time-sensitive situations
• Group decision-making techniques include consensus building, nominal group technique, and the Delphi method
  • These approaches aim to maximize member participation and minimize the influence of dominant individuals
• Groupthink can be mitigated by encouraging dissent, seeking outside opinions, and assigning the role of devil's advocate
• Effective leaders adapt their style to the needs of the group and the demands of the situation

Communication in Groups

• Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, and emotions among group members
• Effective communication is essential for coordinating activities, building relationships, and achieving group goals
• Verbal communication includes spoken words, tone of voice, and paralanguage (pace, volume, inflection)
  • Active listening skills, such as paraphrasing and asking clarifying questions, enhance understanding
• Nonverbal communication encompasses body language, facial expressions, and gestures, which can convey attitudes and emotions
• Written communication, such as emails, memos, and reports, provides a permanent record and allows for asynchronous interaction
• Communication networks describe the patterns of information flow within a group (centralized, decentralized, chain)
  • The appropriate network depends on factors such as task complexity and time constraints
• Barriers to effective communication include differences in language, culture, and perception, as well as physical and psychological noise
• Strategies for improving group communication include establishing clear norms, providing feedback, and using technology appropriately

Practical Applications in the Workplace

• Managers can foster positive group dynamics by setting clear goals, providing resources, and recognizing achievements
• Team-building activities, such as trust falls and problem-solving exercises, can enhance cohesion and collaboration
• Conflict resolution training equips employees with skills to manage disagreements constructively and maintain productive working relationships
• Diversity and inclusion initiatives promote a culture of respect, equity, and belonging, which can improve group performance and innovation
• Implementing flexible work arrangements, such as telecommuting and job sharing, can support the effectiveness of virtual teams
• Encouraging employee participation in decision-making through suggestion systems, focus groups, and town hall meetings can increase engagement and commitment
• Providing leadership development opportunities, such as mentoring and coaching, can enhance the skills and effectiveness of group leaders
• Regularly assessing group performance and soliciting feedback can identify areas for improvement and ensure alignment with organizational goals