6.1 The Impact of Nutrition on Neurological Wellness Across the Lifespan
6 min read•june 18, 2024
Nutrition plays a crucial role in brain development and function throughout life. From fetal growth to , specific nutrients support cognitive health, while deficiencies can impair neurological wellness. Understanding these connections helps us make informed dietary choices.
Key nutrients like , , and omega-3s are vital for fetal brain development. As we age, a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, B vitamins, and healthy fats supports cognitive function and may reduce the risk of age-related decline and .
Nutrition and Fetal Brain Development
Nutrition's impact on fetal brains
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- Adequate maternal nutrition proves crucial for optimal fetal brain development
- Insufficient nutrient intake impairs cognitive development raises risk of neurological disorders
- Key nutrients for fetal brain development include:
- Folate ()
- Forms and closes neural tube
- Deficiency causes (, )
- Iron
- Myelinates nerve cells synthesizes
- Deficiency impairs cognitive development increases risk
-
- Produces thyroid hormone regulates brain development
- Deficiency causes intellectual disability delays neurodevelopment
- (, EPA)
- Forms neuronal membranes enables
- Inadequate intake reduces cognitive function raises risk of neurodevelopmental disorders
- Folate ()
- Maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during negatively impacts fetal brain development
- Increases risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (, ADHD)
- Epigenetic changes influenced by maternal nutrition can affect fetal brain development and future neurological health
Nutrition and Neurological Development in Infancy and Childhood
Key nutrients for infant cognition
- or formula provides primary nutrition for infants up to 6 months old
- Breast milk contains optimal nutrient ratios for brain development
- Important nutrients for infant neurological growth and cognitive development include:
- (), particularly DHA and
- Forms neuronal membranes enables
- Found naturally in breast milk added to some infant formulas
- Iron
- Synthesizes enables myelination
- Deficiency impairs cognitive development increases behavioral problem risk
-
- Develops enables learning
- Found in egg yolks and liver
-
- Synthesizes neurotransmitters enables neuronal migration
- Deficiency impairs cognitive function delays neurodevelopment
- (), particularly DHA and
- Introducing solid foods around 6 months provides additional essential nutrients
- Iron-fortified cereals, pureed meats, leafy green vegetables provide iron
- Mashed avocado, nut butters, fatty fish provide LC-PUFAs
Nutrition's role in child learning
- Balanced nutrition optimizes cognitive function and behavior in children
- Inadequate nutrients impair learning cause attention difficulties and behavioral problems
- Eating breakfast improves academic performance and behavior
- Provides essential nutrients and energy supports brain function all day
- Skipping breakfast reduces increases behavioral issues
- Adequate micronutrient intake synthesizes and regulates neurotransmitters
- Iron, zinc, B vitamins produce , ,
- Deficiencies cause mood disturbances, attention difficulties, impaired impulse control
- Excessive added sugars and processed foods may negatively impact learning and behavior
- Causes hyperactivity, attention difficulties, aggressive behavior in some children
- Displaces nutrient-dense foods leads to micronutrient deficiencies
- Regular family meals improve academic performance and behavioral outcomes
- Provides social interaction and emotional bonding supports cognitive development
- Improves overall diet quality reduces obesity risk
Nutrition and Adolescent Brain Function
Diet's effect on adolescent brains
- Adolescence marks critical period for brain development, particularly
- Handles executive functions (decision-making, impulse control, emotional regulation)
- Nutritional deficiencies impair development and function of this region
- Inadequate essential nutrients negatively impacts adolescent brain function and mental health
- Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, optimize brain function
- Deficiency increases risk of , anxiety, attention difficulties
- B vitamins, especially folate and B12, synthesize and regulate neurotransmitters
- Deficiencies increase risk of depression, cognitive impairment, psychosis
- commonly affects adolescents, particularly females
- Impairs cognitive function causes fatigue and mood disturbances
- Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, optimize brain function
- Excessive processed foods, added sugars, saturated fats may adversely affect brain function and mental health
- Increases risk of depression, anxiety, attention difficulties
- May contribute to and impairs brain function
- Skipping meals, particularly breakfast, commonly affects adolescents
- Reduces cognitive performance causes attention difficulties and mood disturbances
- Leads to overeating and poor diet quality later in the day
- Substance abuse, including and drugs, detrimentally affects adolescent brain development and mental health
- Impairs cognitive function causes emotional dysregulation increases mental health disorder risk
- Interferes with and utilization of essential nutrients
Nutrition and Cognitive Health in Adulthood
Nutritional strategies for adult cognition
- A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats supports adult cognitive health
- Provides essential brain nutrients reduces cognitive decline risk
- Adequate antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients may protect against age-related cognitive decline
- , , in fruits and vegetables have antioxidant properties
- Reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation contributes to cognitive impairment
- Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, have anti-inflammatory effects support neuronal membrane integrity
- Found in fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines)
- , , in fruits and vegetables have antioxidant properties
- B vitamins, especially folate, B6, B12, maintain cognitive function
- Synthesize neurotransmitters metabolize
- Deficiencies increase cognitive decline and risk
- Adequate hydration optimizes brain function
- impairs cognitive performance reduces alertness causes mood disturbances
- Aim for at least 8 cups (64 ounces) of water daily adjust based on individual needs
- Regular and exercise support cognitive health
- Increases blood flow to brain delivers essential nutrients and oxygen
- Releases brain-derived neurotrophic factor () supports neuronal growth and survival
- Engaging in mentally stimulating activities (reading, puzzles, learning new skills) may maintain cognitive function
- Promotes neuroplasticity forms new neural connections
- Builds cognitive reserve delays onset of age-related cognitive decline
Nutrition and Neurological Wellness in Older Adults
Dietary support for aging brains
- The reduces cognitive decline and dementia risk in older adults
- Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, olive oil
- Includes moderate fish, poultry, dairy limits red meat
- Rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory nutrients, healthy fats supports brain health
- Adequate intake maintains neurological wellness in older adults
- Deficiency common due to age-related changes in gastric acid secretion and production
- Causes cognitive impairment, , balance difficulties
- Dietary sources include animal products (meat, fish, eggs, dairy)
- Supplementation may be necessary for some older adults, particularly vegans or vegetarians
- deficiency prevalent among older adults linked to cognitive decline and dementia
- Dietary sources include fatty fish, egg yolks, fortified foods (milk, cereals)
- Sun exposure provides primary vitamin D source supplementation may be necessary for older adults with limited sun exposure
- Adequate protein intake maintains supports cognitive function
- Aim for 0.8-1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily
- High-quality protein sources include lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts
- Limiting processed foods, added sugars, saturated fats may reduce cognitive decline and dementia risk
- Increases inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular damage impairs brain function
- Staying well-hydrated maintains cognitive function reduces delirium risk in older adults
- Aim for at least 8 cups (64 ounces) of water daily adjust based on individual needs
- Encourage fluid intake through high water content foods (fruits, vegetables)
Nutrition and Neurological Health: Advanced Concepts
Emerging areas in nutrition and neuroscience
- continues throughout adulthood, influenced by diet and lifestyle factors
- The regulates nutrient transport to the brain, affecting cognitive function
- The highlights the connection between digestive health and neurological wellness
- Ketogenic diets may have neuroprotective effects in certain neurodegenerative diseases
- Nutritional interventions play a role in preventing and managing neurodegenerative diseases
Key Terms to Review (174)
Absorption: Absorption is the process by which nutrients from digested food are taken up into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. It is crucial for delivering essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to various body tissues.
ADHD: ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can impact an individual's ability to function effectively in various settings, including academic, social, and occupational contexts. This term is particularly relevant in the context of understanding the impact of nutrition on the neurologic system and overall neurological wellness across the lifespan.
Adult-onset obesity: Adult-onset obesity is the condition where individuals gain excessive weight after reaching adulthood, typically due to lifestyle factors. It can significantly affect neurological health through various metabolic and inflammatory pathways.
Aging: Aging is the process of becoming older, characterized by gradual changes in physical and physiological functions. It affects various bodily systems including neurological, endocrine, hematologic, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems.
Alcohol: Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that can depress the central nervous system. It is commonly consumed in beverages and has various effects on physical and mental health depending on the amount ingested.
Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It primarily affects older adults and is the most common cause of dementia.
Anemia: Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport to tissues. It can result from various causes including nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, and genetic disorders.
Anencephaly: Anencephaly is a serious and rare congenital condition in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull. It is a type of neural tube defect that occurs during early fetal development when the upper part of the neural tube fails to close completely.
Antepartum: Antepartum refers to the period of time before childbirth, during pregnancy. It is crucial for monitoring maternal and fetal health to ensure optimal outcomes for both mother and baby.
ARA: ARA, or arachidonic acid, is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including neurological and cardiovascular wellness across the lifespan. It is an essential component of cell membranes and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of important signaling molecules involved in inflammation, immune function, and other regulatory pathways.
Ascorbic acid: Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues. It is involved in many body functions, including collagen formation, iron absorption, immune system functioning, wound healing, and the maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth.
Aspartame: Aspartame is a low-calorie artificial sweetener used in various food and beverage products. It is composed of two amino acids, phenylalanine and aspartic acid.
Attention deficit disorder: Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a neurological condition characterized by inattention, distractibility, and poor concentration. Unlike ADHD, ADD does not include hyperactivity as a symptom.
Attention span: Attention span is the length of time during which a person can concentrate on a task without becoming distracted. It is crucial for effective learning and performance in various activities, including nutritional management.
Autism: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and often require individualized care.
Autism spectrum disorder: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. The severity of symptoms can vary widely among individuals.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It is a lifelong condition that affects how a person perceives the world and interacts with others, with a wide range of symptoms and varying levels of severity.
Axons: Axons are long, slender projections of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. They play a crucial role in the communication between neurons and other cells, facilitating the transfer of information throughout the nervous system.
BDNF: BDNF, or Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, is a protein that plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and maintenance of neurons in the brain. It is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors and is essential for neurological wellness across the lifespan.
Behavioral disorders: Behavioral disorders are a range of psychological conditions characterized by persistent patterns of disruptive behaviors. These behaviors can impact social, academic, and personal functioning.
Bell’s palsy: Bell's palsy is a sudden, temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face due to inflammation or damage to the facial nerve. It can affect anyone, but recovery time varies based on individual health conditions and treatments.
Biotin: Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin (B7) essential for various metabolic processes. It plays a critical role in converting food into energy and maintaining healthy skin, hair, and neurological function.
Birth abnormalities: Birth abnormalities are deviations from the normal development during pregnancy that result in physical or neurological conditions. These can be influenced by genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors.
Blood glucose levels: Blood glucose levels refer to the concentration of glucose present in the blood. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, particularly for neurological and endocrine wellness.
Blood-Brain Barrier: The blood-brain barrier is a highly selective semipermeable membrane that separates the circulating blood from the brain and central nervous system (CNS). It acts as a gatekeeper, controlling the passage of substances between the bloodstream and the brain to protect the delicate neural tissue from harmful substances while still allowing the necessary nutrients, oxygen, and other essential molecules to enter the CNS.
Breast milk: Breast milk is the natural milk produced by human mothers to feed their infants. It is rich in essential nutrients, antibodies, and bioactive compounds that support infant growth and immune function.
Caffeine: Caffeine is a natural stimulant most commonly found in tea, coffee, and various energy drinks. It works by stimulating the central nervous system to increase alertness and reduce fatigue.
Calciferol: Calciferol, also known as Vitamin D2, is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for calcium absorption and bone health. It plays a crucial role in maintaining neurological function and overall brain health.
Calcium: Calcium is a crucial mineral for the development and maintenance of strong bones and teeth. It also plays essential roles in muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting.
Childhood obesity: Childhood obesity is a medical condition where a child is significantly overweight for their age and height, often due to poor diet and lack of physical activity. It can lead to severe health issues including neurological and pulmonary complications.
Choline: Choline is an essential nutrient that supports various bodily functions, including brain health and liver function. It is a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and muscle control.
Choline: Choline is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, particularly in the context of neurological wellness. It is a precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is vital for brain function, memory, and cognitive performance.
Chromium: Chromium is a trace mineral essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It enhances insulin action and assists in maintaining normal blood glucose levels.
Cobalamin: Cobalamin, also known as Vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. It is naturally found in animal products and fortified foods.
Cognitive performance: Cognitive performance refers to the efficiency and effectiveness of mental processes such as attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. It is crucial for maintaining neurological health and overall well-being across the lifespan.
Colchicine: Colchicine is a medication that inhibits microtubule polymerization, commonly used to treat gout and familial Mediterranean fever. It has anti-inflammatory properties but can be toxic at high doses.
Copper: Copper is a trace mineral essential for human health, involved in various bodily functions. It plays a critical role in neurological and hematologic wellness by supporting enzyme function and iron metabolism.
Cretinism: Cretinism is a condition arising from severe hypothyroidism during infancy or early childhood, leading to stunted physical and mental development. It is often due to iodine deficiency in the diet of the mother during pregnancy.
D-alpha-tocopherol: d-alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E. It acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
Dehydration: Dehydration is a condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, leading to an imbalance in electrolytes and impaired bodily functions. It can significantly affect various systems, including neurological, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems.
Delayed speech: Delayed speech is a condition where a child does not develop speech and language skills at the expected rate. It can be influenced by various factors including neurological health and nutritional status.
Dementia: Dementia is a chronic or progressive syndrome characterized by the deterioration of cognitive function, beyond what might be expected from normal aging. It affects memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment.
Demyelinating polyneuropathies: Demyelinating polyneuropathies are disorders characterized by damage to the myelin sheath of multiple peripheral nerves, leading to impaired nerve function. Symptoms often include muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and autonomic dysfunction.
Dental health: Dental health refers to the overall condition and care of the teeth, gums, and mouth. It plays a crucial role in maintaining overall well-being, including neurological health.
Depression: Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistently low mood, loss of interest in activities, and impaired daily functioning. It can significantly impact physical health, including nutritional status and neurological wellness.
DHA: DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for proper brain, eye, and nervous system development and function. It is a critical component of the phospholipids that make up cell membranes, particularly in the brain, retina, and heart.
Dopamine: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays several important roles in the brain and body, including the regulation of mood, reward, and motor control. It is critically involved in functions such as motivation, arousal, and executive functioning.
Dopamine: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the brain's reward and pleasure systems, as well as in regulating movement, mood, and cognition. It is closely linked to various aspects of nutrition, neurological function, and overall wellness across the lifespan.
Eating disorder: Eating disorder is a range of psychological conditions characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits that negatively affect physical and mental health. Common types include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
Epigenetics: Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. It examines how external and environmental factors can influence the way genes are expressed, without changing the underlying genetic code.
Fertility: Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. It is influenced by various factors including age, health, and nutritional status.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a range of conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure that affects a child's neurological and physical development. It can lead to lifelong cognitive, behavioral, and physical challenges.
Fetal alcohol syndrome: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a severe developmental disorder caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy. It leads to lifelong physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments in the child.
Fetal health: Fetal health refers to the overall well-being of a fetus during pregnancy, encompassing both physical and neurological development. Proper nutrition plays a critical role in ensuring optimal fetal health.
Flavonoids: Flavonoids are a diverse group of phytonutrients (plant chemicals) found in almost all fruits and vegetables. They have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties beneficial for neurological and pulmonary health.
Fluoride: Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral found in water, soil, and various foods. It is essential for the maintenance of dental health and has implications for bone integrity and neurological wellness.
Folate: Folate is a B-vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. It plays a crucial role in cell division and is particularly important during periods of rapid growth such as pregnancy and fetal development.
Folic Acid: Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, particularly in the context of neurological wellness and the treatment of neurological conditions. It is a water-soluble vitamin that is important for the proper development and function of the brain and nervous system across the lifespan.
Fructose: Fructose is a simple sugar found naturally in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. It is a monosaccharide that is metabolized differently from glucose and has unique effects on the body.
Gangliosides: Gangliosides are a type of glycosphingolipid that are essential components of cell membranes, particularly in the nervous system. They play a critical role in cell signaling and neurodevelopment.
Gene mutation: A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. These changes can affect how the gene functions and can have various health implications, including neurological conditions.
Gestational diabetes: Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and typically resolves after childbirth. It affects how the body uses glucose, leading to high blood sugar levels that can impact both mother and baby.
Glucose: Glucose is a simple sugar and an essential carbohydrate that serves as the primary source of energy for the body's cells. It is crucial in metabolic processes and is regulated by insulin to maintain blood sugar levels.
Glucose metabolism: Glucose metabolism is the process by which the body converts glucose into energy. It involves multiple biochemical pathways, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Gray matter: Gray matter is a key component of the central nervous system, consisting primarily of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. It plays a critical role in processing information and executing motor functions.
Guillain-Barré syndrome: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system. This condition can lead to muscle weakness, paralysis, and severe complications if not promptly treated.
Gut bacteria: Gut bacteria are microorganisms residing in the digestive tract, playing crucial roles in digestion, immunity, and overall health. They significantly influence both neurological and gastrointestinal wellness through various mechanisms.
Gut microbiome: The gut microbiome is the complex community of microorganisms living in the digestive tracts of humans. It plays a crucial role in digestion, immune function, and overall health, including neurological wellness.
Gut-Brain Axis: The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. This complex network involves the interaction between the gut microbiome, the enteric nervous system, and the brain, allowing for the integration of signals that influence various physiological and behavioral processes.
Headaches: Headaches are pain or discomfort in the head or upper neck, often caused by a variety of factors including stress, dehydration, and poor nutrition. They can be classified into primary headaches (like migraines) and secondary headaches (due to underlying conditions).
Hexosaminidase A: Hexosaminidase A is an enzyme that hydrolyzes GM2 gangliosides, a type of glycolipid in nerve cells. Deficiency in this enzyme leads to the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides, causing neurological disorders such as Tay-Sachs disease.
Hippocampus: The hippocampus is a critical brain structure involved in memory formation, organization, and storage. It also plays a significant role in spatial navigation and contextual learning.
Homocysteine: Homocysteine is an amino acid produced in the body as a byproduct of the metabolism of another amino acid called methionine. It is a key biomarker that can provide insights into various aspects of health, including neurological, hematological, and cardiovascular wellness.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDOP): Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDOP) are a group of conditions characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy. They can significantly affect both maternal and fetal health, leading to complications such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome.
Hypoglycemia: Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of blood glucose. It can cause symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe neurological impairment and requires prompt treatment to prevent complications.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including hunger, thirst, sleep, and hormonal balance. It acts as a bridge between the endocrine and nervous systems by controlling the pituitary gland.
Inflammatory muscle disease: Inflammatory muscle disease is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of skeletal muscle tissue. It can lead to muscle weakness, pain, and fatigue, affecting mobility and overall quality of life.
Insulin: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. It facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage as glycogen.
Intrinsic Factor: Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach. It is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the small intestine. Intrinsic factor plays a crucial role in maintaining neurological wellness and supporting the hematological system.
Iodine: Iodine is a trace mineral essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. It is crucial for neurological and endocrine health.
IQ: IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is a measure of a person's intellectual abilities in relation to others, typically quantified through standardized tests. It is often used as an indicator of cognitive function and potential.
Iron: Iron is a crucial mineral essential for producing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood. It also plays a vital role in various metabolic processes and maintaining healthy cells, skin, hair, and nails.
Iron deficiency: Iron deficiency is a condition where the body lacks adequate iron to produce hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport in the blood. It can result in symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and impaired cognitive function.
Ketogenic Diet: The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate dietary approach that puts the body into a metabolic state known as ketosis. In this state, the body uses fat as its primary fuel source instead of glucose, leading to the production of ketone bodies that can provide energy for the brain and other organs.
LC-PUFAs: LC-PUFAs, or long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, are a type of essential fatty acids that play a crucial role in neurological wellness across the lifespan. These fatty acids are primarily obtained through dietary sources and are vital for the development and maintenance of the brain and nervous system.
Liver toxicity: Liver toxicity is the condition where the liver incurs damage due to harmful substances, leading to impaired function. It can significantly impact neurological health by influencing the metabolism and clearance of neurotoxic substances.
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through diet. They play a crucial role in brain development, function, and overall neurological health.
Macronutrients: Macronutrients are nutrients required in large amounts that provide the energy necessary for bodily functions and overall health. They include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Magnesium: Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in numerous biochemical reactions in the body, including energy production and muscle function. It plays a crucial role in maintaining normal nerve and muscle function, supporting a healthy immune system, and keeping the heartbeat steady.
Maternal death: Maternal death is the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. It is often linked to complications related to pregnancy and delivery, including nutritional deficiencies.
Mediterranean diet: The Mediterranean diet is a nutritional plan inspired by the traditional eating habits of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. It emphasizes whole foods, healthy fats, lean proteins, and abundant fruits and vegetables to promote overall health and well-being.
Mediterranean Diet: The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based eating pattern that emphasizes the consumption of whole, minimally processed foods commonly found in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This diet is characterized by a high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, along with moderate consumption of fish, poultry, and red wine. The Mediterranean diet has been extensively studied for its numerous health benefits, including its positive impact on evidence-based practice and nutrition, gut health, neurological wellness, endocrine wellness, hematological wellness, cardiovascular wellness, pulmonary wellness, and musculoskeletal and integumentary wellness.
Memory: Memory is the cognitive process that allows individuals to encode, store, and retrieve information. It is crucial for learning and adapting behaviors based on past experiences.
Mental health disorders: Mental health disorders are medical conditions that affect a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, or behavior. These conditions can impact daily functioning and physical health.
Metabolic rate: Metabolic rate is the rate at which the body expends energy or burns calories. It includes basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the energy used during physical activities.
Metformin: Metformin is an oral medication primarily used to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
Micronutrient deficiency: Micronutrient deficiency occurs when the body lacks essential vitamins and minerals required for optimal physiological function. It can lead to significant health issues, particularly affecting neurological, hematologic, and pulmonary systems.
Migraine: A migraine is a neurological condition characterized by intense, debilitating headaches often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. It can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life.
Mood disorders: Mood disorders are psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in emotional state, affecting overall well-being and functionality. These disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, and others that can significantly impact daily life.
Morbidity: Morbidity is the condition of being diseased or the incidence of illness within a population. It reflects the prevalence and impact of diseases and health conditions on individuals and communities.
Morning sickness: Morning sickness is a common symptom of early pregnancy characterized by nausea and vomiting. It typically occurs during the first trimester and can affect a pregnant woman's nutritional intake and neurological health.
Muscle mass: Muscle mass refers to the total amount of muscle tissue in the body, crucial for movement, strength, and overall physical health. It plays a significant role in metabolic function and disease prevention.
Myasthenia gravis: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and fatigue of the voluntary muscles. The condition occurs when communication between nerve cells and muscles is impaired due to antibodies blocking or destroying acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
Myelination: Myelination is the process by which a fatty substance called myelin is produced and wrapped around the axons of nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). This insulating layer improves the efficiency and speed of electrical impulse transmission along the nerves, which is crucial for neurological wellness across the lifespan.
Neural Tube Defects: Neural tube defects are a group of serious congenital abnormalities that occur during early fetal development when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly. These defects can have significant impacts on neurological wellness across the lifespan.
Neurodegeneration: Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, which may eventually lead to their death. It is commonly associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of progressive conditions that involve the gradual deterioration and loss of function of neurons in the brain and nervous system. These diseases can impair cognitive, motor, and sensory abilities, and are often associated with aging.
Neurogenesis: Neurogenesis is the process of generating new neurons in the brain. It is a crucial component of neurological wellness, as it allows the brain to adapt, repair, and enhance its function throughout an individual's lifespan.
Neuroinflammation: Neuroinflammation refers to the inflammatory response within the nervous system, which can involve the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It is a complex process that occurs in response to various stimuli, such as injury, infection, or autoimmune disorders, and can have significant impacts on neurological function and overall health.
Neurological development: Neurological development encompasses the growth and maturation of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It is influenced by genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors throughout an individual's lifespan.
Neurons: Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They play a crucial role in processing and transmitting information in the brain and throughout the body.
Neurotransmission: Neurotransmission is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by a neuron and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron. This process is essential for communication within the nervous system and affects various bodily functions including mood, muscle movement, and overall neurological health.
Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another. They play a crucial role in maintaining proper neurological function and overall brain health.
Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, or nerve cells, in the brain and throughout the nervous system. They play a crucial role in regulating various physiological and psychological processes, including mood, sleep, appetite, and cognitive function. Understanding neurotransmitters is essential for developing effective nutritional strategies to support neurological wellness across the lifespan and address specific neurological conditions.
Niacin: Niacin, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in energy metabolism and cellular function. It is essential for the health of the nervous system and skin.
Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter and hormone produced by the adrenal glands and certain neurons in the brain. It plays a crucial role in the body's stress response and the regulation of the neurological system.
Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fats crucial for brain function and overall neurological health. They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet or supplements.
Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular damage and dysfunction. This term is particularly relevant in the context of understanding the impact of nutrition on the neurologic system, endocrine system, and pulmonary wellness across the lifespan, as well as in the management of chronic neurological and pulmonary illnesses.
Pediatric obesity: Pediatric obesity is the condition where a child or adolescent has excess body fat that negatively affects their health and well-being. It is typically diagnosed using the Body Mass Index (BMI) adjusted for age and sex.
Peripheral Neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy refers to a condition where the peripheral nerves, which connect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body, become damaged or dysfunctional. This can lead to a range of sensory, motor, and autonomic symptoms.
Phenylalanine: Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid necessary for the production of proteins and neurotransmitters. It plays a critical role in the synthesis of tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
Phospholipids: Phospholipids are a class of lipids that form the structural basis of cell membranes. They consist of two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group, creating a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
Phosphorus: Phosphorus is a mineral essential for the formation of bones and teeth, and it plays a critical role in cellular energy production. It helps maintain normal pH levels in the body and is vital for the function of muscles and nerves.
Phylloquinone: Phylloquinone is a form of Vitamin K, primarily found in green leafy vegetables. It plays a crucial role in blood clotting and bone health.
Physical activity: Physical activity is any movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. It includes activities such as walking, running, and structured exercise routines.
Plant-based diet: A plant-based diet is a dietary pattern that primarily consists of foods derived from plants, including vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, oils, whole grains, legumes, and beans. It may include limited or no animal products and emphasizes nutrient-dense foods to promote overall health.
Polyphenols: Polyphenols are a diverse group of plant-based compounds known for their antioxidant properties. They are found in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and beverages, and have been associated with various health benefits, including neurological and hematological wellness across the lifespan.
Preeclampsia: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, frequently the liver and kidneys. It usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been normal.
Prefrontal cortex: The prefrontal cortex is a region of the brain located at the front of the frontal lobe. It is involved in complex behaviors such as decision-making, social interactions, and regulating emotions.
Prefrontal Cortex: The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobe of the brain, responsible for a wide range of higher-order cognitive functions, including decision-making, problem-solving, and behavioral regulation. It is a crucial component in understanding the impact of nutrition on neurological wellness across the lifespan.
Pregnancy: Pregnancy is the condition of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the female body. It typically lasts around 40 weeks from the last menstrual period to childbirth.
Prenatal care: Prenatal care involves medical and nutritional support provided to a pregnant woman to ensure the health of both mother and baby. It includes regular check-ups, dietary guidance, and screenings to prevent complications.
Progesterone: Progesterone is a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. It plays a crucial role in regulating the condition of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus).
Proton pump inhibitors: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that reduce stomach acid production by blocking the enzyme in the stomach wall responsible for acid secretion. They are commonly used to treat conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, and other digestive disorders.
Pyridoxine: Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for various metabolic processes. It plays a crucial role in neurotransmitter synthesis and cognitive development.
Riboflavin: Riboflavin, also known as Vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and the metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids. It is crucial for maintaining healthy skin, eyes, and neurological function.
Seizures: Seizures are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. They can be triggered by various factors including neurological conditions and nutritional deficiencies.
Selenium: Selenium is a trace mineral essential for various bodily functions, including antioxidant defense and thyroid hormone metabolism. It is necessary for proper immune system function and cognitive health.
Sepsis: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. It can lead to severe inflammation, organ failure, and even death if not promptly treated.
Serotonin: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in mood regulation, sleep, and appetite. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan and is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and the central nervous system.
Serotonin: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological and psychological processes in the body. It is often referred to as the 'feel-good' chemical due to its involvement in mood, sleep, appetite, and other important functions.
Sleep disturbances: Sleep disturbances are disruptions in the normal sleep pattern that affect the quality, timing, and duration of sleep. These can include conditions such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome, which can significantly impact neurological health.
Spastic paraplegia: Spastic paraplegia is a neurological disorder characterized by progressive muscle stiffness (spasticity) and weakness in the lower limbs. It can affect mobility and overall quality of life, often requiring specific nutritional and therapeutic interventions.
Sperm: Sperm are the male reproductive cells responsible for fertilizing the female egg during conception. They play a crucial role in human reproduction and genetic continuity.
Spina bifida: Spina bifida is a congenital birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly, resulting in an opening or gap in the spine. This condition can have varying degrees of severity and can impact neurological wellness across the lifespan, as well as have implications for vitamin intake during pregnancy.
Stroke: A stroke is a medical emergency where blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. This can lead to brain damage and impair various bodily functions depending on the area affected.
Synaptogenesis: Synaptogenesis is the process by which synapses, the specialized connections between neurons, are formed and established during the development and maturation of the nervous system. It is a crucial aspect of neurological wellness as it underlies the brain's ability to process information, form memories, and adapt to changes throughout an individual's lifespan.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage. It can affect various organs including the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs.
Tay-Sachs disease: Tay-Sachs disease is a rare inherited disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A, leading to an accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in neurons.
Thiamin: Thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for energy metabolism and nerve function. It plays a critical role in converting carbohydrates into energy and maintaining proper neurological health.
Thyroid hormone synthesis: Thyroid hormone synthesis is the process by which the thyroid gland produces hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating metabolism, growth, and neurological development.
Type 1 diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. It requires lifelong management involving blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy, and dietary adjustments.
Type 2 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. It often develops in adults but can occur at any age, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
Undernutrition: Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients, leading to various health issues. It can affect physical and cognitive development and compromise the immune system.
Urinary tract infection: A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system, including kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.
Vegan diet: A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and honey. It emphasizes plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds.
Visual memory: Visual memory is the ability to recall or recognize visual information such as shapes, colors, and locations. It plays a crucial role in how individuals process and retain visual stimuli over time.
Vitamin A: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision, immune function, and skin health. It exists in two main forms: preformed vitamin A (retinol) and provitamin A carotenoids (beta-carotene).
Vitamin B1: Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and neurological function. It helps convert carbohydrates into energy and supports the health of nerves, muscles, and the brain.
Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. It is naturally found in animal products and can be taken as a supplement.
Vitamin B2: Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for energy production and cellular function. It plays a crucial role in metabolizing fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Vitamin B3: Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for energy production and cellular metabolism. It plays a critical role in neurological health by supporting brain function and nerve signaling.
Vitamin B6: Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for brain health and function. It plays a crucial role in neurotransmitter synthesis and cognitive development.
Vitamin B7: Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for metabolism and neurological health. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose.
Vitamin B9: Vitamin B9, also known as folate or folic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for DNA synthesis and repair. It plays a crucial role in cell division and neurological function.
Vitamin C: Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of the body. It acts as an antioxidant and plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, immune function, and absorption of iron from plant-based foods.
Vitamin C supplements: Vitamin C supplements are dietary products containing ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient. They are commonly used to boost immune function and support overall health.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphorus in the body, crucial for maintaining bone health. It can be obtained from sunlight exposure, dietary sources, and supplements.
Vitamin E: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. It plays a crucial role in immune function, skin health, and neurological wellness.
Vitamin K: Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting and bone health. It exists in two main forms: K1 (phylloquinone) found in plants, and K2 (menaquinone) produced by bacteria in the human gut.
Water intake: Water intake is the total amount of water consumed through drinking and eating. It is essential for maintaining hydration, supporting digestion, and ensuring optimal neurological function.
White matter: White matter is a component of the central nervous system primarily made up of myelinated nerve fibers. It facilitates communication between different brain regions and the spinal cord.
Zinc: Zinc is an essential trace mineral crucial for numerous biological functions, including immune response, DNA synthesis, and cell division. It also plays a significant role in maintaining neurological and pulmonary health.
Zinc deficiency: Zinc deficiency occurs when there is an insufficient level of zinc in the body to meet its physiological needs. It can impact various bodily functions, including immune response, neurological health, and blood formation.