🛌Adult Nursing Care Unit 5 – Respiratory Disorders
Respiratory disorders affect millions worldwide, impacting breathing and overall health. This unit covers key concepts, anatomy, common conditions, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches for respiratory issues. Understanding these topics is crucial for providing effective care to patients with breathing difficulties.
Nurses play a vital role in managing respiratory disorders through assessment, medication administration, and patient education. The unit explores nursing interventions, self-management strategies, and critical thinking skills needed to care for patients with various respiratory conditions. This knowledge is essential for promoting optimal respiratory health and improving patient outcomes.
Respiratory system functions include gas exchange, acid-base balance, phonation, and olfaction
Ventilation involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs (inspiration and expiration)
Diffusion allows for gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli
Perfusion refers to the flow of blood through the pulmonary capillaries
Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch occurs when there is an imbalance between ventilation and perfusion
Hypoxemia is a decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
Hypercapnia is an increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Anatomy and Physiology Review
The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx
The nose humidifies, filters, and warms inspired air
The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food
The larynx contains the vocal cords and prevents aspiration
The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
The lungs are divided into lobes (3 on the right, 2 on the left) and are surrounded by the pleura
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are responsible for inspiration and expiration
Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse
Common Respiratory Disorders
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, leading to irreversible airflow limitation
Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory response resulting in diffuse alveolar damage and hypoxemia
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of a pulmonary artery, usually by a blood clot originating from the deep veins of the legs
Lung cancer can be classified as small cell or non-small cell and is often associated with smoking
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other organs
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Pulse oximetry measures the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin using a non-invasive sensor
Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis provides information about oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base balance
Chest X-ray is used to visualize the lungs, heart, and other thoracic structures
Computed tomography (CT) scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the lungs
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) assess lung volumes, capacities, and airflow rates
Spirometry measures the volume and flow of air during inspiration and expiration
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is used to monitor asthma control
Bronchoscopy allows direct visualization of the airways and enables biopsy and removal of foreign objects
Thoracentesis involves the removal of fluid from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
Treatment Approaches
Oxygen therapy is used to treat hypoxemia and can be delivered via nasal cannula, face mask, or high-flow nasal cannula
Bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics) relax smooth muscles in the airways, improving airflow
Corticosteroids reduce inflammation in the airways and are used to manage asthma and COPD exacerbations
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
Mechanical ventilation provides ventilatory support for patients with respiratory failure
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) delivers positive pressure via a face mask or nasal interface
Invasive mechanical ventilation requires endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy
Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive program that includes exercise training, education, and psychosocial support for patients with chronic respiratory diseases
Smoking cessation is crucial for preventing and managing respiratory disorders, particularly COPD and lung cancer
Nursing Interventions
Assess respiratory rate, depth, and pattern, as well as the use of accessory muscles and presence of cyanosis
Monitor oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry and titrate oxygen therapy to maintain target levels
Administer medications (bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics) as prescribed and monitor for side effects
Encourage deep breathing and coughing exercises to prevent atelectasis and improve ventilation
Provide oral care and suctioning as needed to maintain a patent airway
Assist with non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, monitoring for complications (e.g., ventilator-associated pneumonia)
Promote early ambulation and mobility to prevent deconditioning and reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism
Patient Education and Self-Management
Teach patients and families about their specific respiratory disorder, including signs and symptoms, triggers, and management strategies
Demonstrate proper inhaler technique and ensure patient understanding of medication administration
Encourage smoking cessation and provide resources for support (nicotine replacement therapy, counseling)
Educate patients on the importance of regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management
Teach patients to recognize signs of respiratory distress and when to seek medical attention
Provide information on pulmonary rehabilitation programs and support groups
Emphasize the importance of annual influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination for high-risk patients
Encourage patients to maintain a healthy home environment (e.g., reducing allergens, avoiding secondhand smoke)
Critical Thinking and Case Studies
Case 1: A 65-year-old male with a history of COPD presents with increased dyspnea, cough, and purulent sputum. How would you assess and manage this patient?
Assess respiratory status, including vital signs, oxygen saturation, and lung sounds
Obtain a sputum sample for culture and sensitivity to guide antibiotic therapy
Administer bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids as prescribed
Consider non-invasive ventilation if the patient has severe respiratory distress
Case 2: A 28-year-old female with a history of asthma presents with acute shortness of breath and wheezing after exposure to a known trigger. What are the priority nursing interventions?
Assess the severity of the asthma exacerbation using the PEFR and clinical signs
Administer high-dose inhaled bronchodilators (short-acting beta-2 agonists) and oral corticosteroids
Monitor response to treatment and reassess frequently
Provide education on trigger avoidance and the importance of adhering to the asthma action plan
Case 3: A 50-year-old male is admitted to the ICU with severe community-acquired pneumonia and septic shock. What are the key considerations in managing this patient?
Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy after obtaining blood and sputum cultures
Provide supportive care, including oxygen therapy, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressors as needed
Consider invasive mechanical ventilation if the patient develops respiratory failure
Monitor for complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)