Adult Nursing Care

🛌Adult Nursing Care Unit 5 – Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders affect millions worldwide, impacting breathing and overall health. This unit covers key concepts, anatomy, common conditions, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches for respiratory issues. Understanding these topics is crucial for providing effective care to patients with breathing difficulties. Nurses play a vital role in managing respiratory disorders through assessment, medication administration, and patient education. The unit explores nursing interventions, self-management strategies, and critical thinking skills needed to care for patients with various respiratory conditions. This knowledge is essential for promoting optimal respiratory health and improving patient outcomes.

Key Concepts

  • Respiratory system functions include gas exchange, acid-base balance, phonation, and olfaction
  • Ventilation involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs (inspiration and expiration)
  • Diffusion allows for gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
    • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream
    • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli
  • Perfusion refers to the flow of blood through the pulmonary capillaries
  • Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch occurs when there is an imbalance between ventilation and perfusion
  • Hypoxemia is a decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
  • Hypercapnia is an increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

Anatomy and Physiology Review

  • The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
  • The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx
    • The nose humidifies, filters, and warms inspired air
    • The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food
    • The larynx contains the vocal cords and prevents aspiration
  • The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
  • The lungs are divided into lobes (3 on the right, 2 on the left) and are surrounded by the pleura
  • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are responsible for inspiration and expiration
  • Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse

Common Respiratory Disorders

  • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, leading to irreversible airflow limitation
  • Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory response resulting in diffuse alveolar damage and hypoxemia
  • Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of a pulmonary artery, usually by a blood clot originating from the deep veins of the legs
  • Lung cancer can be classified as small cell or non-small cell and is often associated with smoking
  • Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other organs

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

  • Pulse oximetry measures the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin using a non-invasive sensor
  • Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis provides information about oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base balance
  • Chest X-ray is used to visualize the lungs, heart, and other thoracic structures
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the lungs
  • Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) assess lung volumes, capacities, and airflow rates
    • Spirometry measures the volume and flow of air during inspiration and expiration
    • Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is used to monitor asthma control
  • Bronchoscopy allows direct visualization of the airways and enables biopsy and removal of foreign objects
  • Thoracentesis involves the removal of fluid from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

Treatment Approaches

  • Oxygen therapy is used to treat hypoxemia and can be delivered via nasal cannula, face mask, or high-flow nasal cannula
  • Bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics) relax smooth muscles in the airways, improving airflow
  • Corticosteroids reduce inflammation in the airways and are used to manage asthma and COPD exacerbations
  • Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
  • Mechanical ventilation provides ventilatory support for patients with respiratory failure
    • Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) delivers positive pressure via a face mask or nasal interface
    • Invasive mechanical ventilation requires endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive program that includes exercise training, education, and psychosocial support for patients with chronic respiratory diseases
  • Smoking cessation is crucial for preventing and managing respiratory disorders, particularly COPD and lung cancer

Nursing Interventions

  • Assess respiratory rate, depth, and pattern, as well as the use of accessory muscles and presence of cyanosis
  • Monitor oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry and titrate oxygen therapy to maintain target levels
  • Administer medications (bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics) as prescribed and monitor for side effects
  • Perform chest physiotherapy techniques (percussion, vibration, postural drainage) to mobilize secretions
  • Encourage deep breathing and coughing exercises to prevent atelectasis and improve ventilation
  • Provide oral care and suctioning as needed to maintain a patent airway
  • Assist with non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, monitoring for complications (e.g., ventilator-associated pneumonia)
  • Promote early ambulation and mobility to prevent deconditioning and reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism

Patient Education and Self-Management

  • Teach patients and families about their specific respiratory disorder, including signs and symptoms, triggers, and management strategies
  • Demonstrate proper inhaler technique and ensure patient understanding of medication administration
  • Encourage smoking cessation and provide resources for support (nicotine replacement therapy, counseling)
  • Educate patients on the importance of regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management
  • Teach patients to recognize signs of respiratory distress and when to seek medical attention
  • Provide information on pulmonary rehabilitation programs and support groups
  • Emphasize the importance of annual influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination for high-risk patients
  • Encourage patients to maintain a healthy home environment (e.g., reducing allergens, avoiding secondhand smoke)

Critical Thinking and Case Studies

  • Case 1: A 65-year-old male with a history of COPD presents with increased dyspnea, cough, and purulent sputum. How would you assess and manage this patient?
    • Assess respiratory status, including vital signs, oxygen saturation, and lung sounds
    • Obtain a sputum sample for culture and sensitivity to guide antibiotic therapy
    • Administer bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids as prescribed
    • Consider non-invasive ventilation if the patient has severe respiratory distress
  • Case 2: A 28-year-old female with a history of asthma presents with acute shortness of breath and wheezing after exposure to a known trigger. What are the priority nursing interventions?
    • Assess the severity of the asthma exacerbation using the PEFR and clinical signs
    • Administer high-dose inhaled bronchodilators (short-acting beta-2 agonists) and oral corticosteroids
    • Monitor response to treatment and reassess frequently
    • Provide education on trigger avoidance and the importance of adhering to the asthma action plan
  • Case 3: A 50-year-old male is admitted to the ICU with severe community-acquired pneumonia and septic shock. What are the key considerations in managing this patient?
    • Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy after obtaining blood and sputum cultures
    • Provide supportive care, including oxygen therapy, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressors as needed
    • Consider invasive mechanical ventilation if the patient develops respiratory failure
    • Monitor for complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.