🎭Musical Theater Performance Unit 7 – Vocal Techniques for Musical Theater II

Key Vocal Concepts

• Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the vocal instrument enables singers to optimize their technique and prevent injury
• Resonance refers to the amplification and enrichment of sound waves as they travel through the vocal tract (pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity)
• Vocal registers are distinct areas of the voice characterized by specific vibratory patterns of the vocal folds
  • Chest voice engages the thyroarytenoid muscles more dominantly
  • Head voice primarily utilizes the cricothyroid muscles
  • Mixed voice is a balanced coordination of both muscle groups
• Vocal onset is the way in which sound is initiated and can be described as hard (glottal), soft (aspirate), or balanced (coordinated)
• Legato singing involves smooth and connected transitions between notes, while staccato consists of short, detached sounds
• Vibrato is a natural oscillation of pitch that adds warmth and expressiveness to the voice
• Dynamics refer to the variations in volume and intensity throughout a musical phrase or song

Breathing and Support Techniques

• Diaphragmatic breathing engages the diaphragm muscle to create a steady and controlled airflow necessary for singing
• Intercostal muscles, located between the ribs, assist in expanding the ribcage during inhalation and controlling the release of air during exhalation
• Appoggio technique involves maintaining a balanced posture and a feeling of suspension in the torso to support the voice
• Breath management is the ability to regulate the amount and pressure of air used for singing, ensuring a consistent and efficient sound production
• Singers should aim to inhale through both the nose and mouth to maximize air intake and prevent dryness in the throat
• Staggered breathing is a technique used in ensemble singing where singers alternate their breathing to maintain a continuous sound
• Exercises such as lip trills, hissing, and sustained consonants help develop breath control and support

Expanding Vocal Range

• Vocal range refers to the span of notes a singer can comfortably produce, from the lowest to the highest pitch
• Falsetto is a light, breathy register above the modal voice, produced by the thin edges of the vocal folds vibrating
• Whistle register, also known as flageolet, is the highest register of the human voice, characterized by a flute-like quality
• Vocal fry is the lowest register, produced by a loose and slow vibration of the vocal folds, often used for dramatic effect
• Sirens, glissandi, and scalar exercises help to smooth the transitions between registers and expand the overall range
• Vowel modification techniques, such as vowel tracking or formant tuning, can help singers navigate challenging passages in their upper range
• Regularly incorporating range-extending exercises into a vocal warm-up routine can lead to gradual improvements in vocal flexibility and control

Style and Genre-Specific Techniques

• Belt technique involves a powerful, speech-like sound production often used in musical theater and pop music
  • Requires a higher laryngeal position and a narrower vowel shape compared to classical singing
  • Relies on a balance of twang and support to maintain vocal health
• Legit singing is a style that incorporates classical vocal techniques into musical theater, characterized by a smooth, rounded tone and even vibrato
• Pop and rock singing often employ a brighter, more forward resonance and may incorporate vocal effects such as growls, breathy tones, or vocal fry
• Jazz singing emphasizes improvisation, syncopation, and a conversational delivery of lyrics
  • Scat singing is a unique feature of jazz, involving the use of nonsense syllables to create an instrumental-like sound
• Country and folk singing styles often feature a nasal quality, twang, and a storytelling approach to lyrics
• R&B and soul singing are known for their rich, emotive vocal runs, melismas, and improvisations
• Developing versatility across genres is essential for musical theater performers to meet the demands of various roles and productions

Vocal Health and Maintenance

• Proper hydration is crucial for maintaining vocal fold flexibility and preventing dryness, aiming for at least 64 ounces of water per day
• A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins provides the necessary nutrients for optimal vocal function
• Regular vocal rest, especially after prolonged singing or during illness, allows the vocal folds to recover and prevents strain
• Avoiding excessive caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco helps to minimize dehydration and irritation of the vocal folds
• Humidifiers can help maintain a moist environment, especially in dry climates or during winter months, to prevent vocal fold dryness
• Gentle stretches for the neck, shoulders, and jaw can release tension and promote relaxation for optimal vocal production
• Seeking prompt medical attention for persistent vocal issues, such as hoarseness or pain, can prevent long-term damage and ensure timely treatment

Performance Practice and Interpretation

• Character analysis involves researching and understanding the background, motivations, and emotions of the character being portrayed
• Subtext refers to the underlying meaning or intention behind the lyrics, informing the singer's interpretation and delivery
• Phrasing is the musical equivalent of punctuation, helping to convey the emotional arc of a song and guide the audience's understanding
• Dynamics and tone color can be used to express the nuances of a character's emotions and create contrast within a song
• Physicality, including facial expressions, gestures, and movement, enhances the storytelling and connects the singer to the character
• Studying the historical and cultural context of a musical or song can inform the performer's artistic choices and ensure authenticity
• Collaborating with directors, music directors, and accompanists is essential for developing a cohesive and compelling performance

Ensemble Singing and Harmonization

• Blending involves matching vowels, dynamics, and tone quality with other singers to create a unified sound
• Intonation is the accuracy of pitch in relation to other singers and the accompaniment, requiring careful listening and adjustments
• Part-singing refers to the division of voices into distinct harmonic lines (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) to create chords and textures
• Countermelodies are secondary melodies that complement the main melody, often sung by supporting characters in a musical number
• Diction, the clear articulation of words, is crucial for ensuring the lyrics are understood by the audience, especially in larger ensembles
• Rhythm and tempo must be synchronized among all singers to maintain a cohesive performance
• Developing aural skills, such as sight-singing and ear training, enhances a singer's ability to learn and perform harmony parts accurately

Audition Preparation

• Selecting appropriate audition material that showcases the singer's strengths and aligns with the requirements of the role or production
• Researching the musical, character, and creative team to inform artistic choices and demonstrate knowledge and commitment
• Memorizing and internalizing the lyrics, melody, and character's intentions to allow for a confident and engaging performance
• Preparing a concise and compelling audition book containing sheet music for a variety of songs in different styles and tempos
• Dressing appropriately for the audition, considering the style of the show and presenting a polished, professional appearance
• Developing strong sight-reading skills to navigate unfamiliar material or on-the-spot requests from the audition panel
• Cultivating mental resilience and a positive attitude to manage nerves, accept feedback, and persist in the face of rejection