7.3 Sri Lankan music: Kandyan and Low Country traditions
4 min read•july 29, 2024
Sri Lankan music is a vibrant tapestry of traditions, with Kandyan and Low Country styles standing out. These musical forms reflect the island's diverse cultural influences, from ancient Buddhist practices to colonial-era adaptations.
, rooted in the central highlands, emphasizes drumming and . , found in coastal regions, incorporates more melodic instruments and Hindu influences. Both traditions showcase Sri Lanka's rich musical heritage and cultural adaptability.
Kandyan vs Low Country Traditions
Geographic and Cultural Distinctions
The Kandyan tradition is associated with the central highlands region around the city of Kandy, while the Low Country tradition developed in the coastal regions of southern and western Sri Lanka
Kandyan music has a strong emphasis on drumming, especially the drum, and is often used in Buddhist temple rituals and processions
Low Country music incorporates more melodic instruments like the violin and is associated with Hindu temples and folk rituals
Kandyan dancing features elaborate costumes and masks, while Low Country dancing has a stronger emphasis on graceful, fluid movements
Historical Influences and Development
The Kandyan tradition emerged in the 15th century during the reign of the Kingdom of Kandy, which was the last independent kingdom in Sri Lanka before British colonial rule
The Kandyan tradition was strongly influenced by South Indian Hindu culture and rituals
The Low Country tradition developed in the coastal regions that were more heavily influenced by Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonizers, as well as South Indian Tamil culture
The Low Country tradition incorporated Western instruments like the violin and adopted South Indian rhythms and melodies
Historical Context of Sri Lankan Music
Cultural Exchange and Colonization
Both traditions have been shaped by the island's complex history of , migration, and colonization
Sri Lanka's location in the Indian Ocean facilitated cultural interactions with South India, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East
Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonizers introduced Western musical instruments and influences, particularly in the Low Country region
The Low Country tradition reflects the resulting from centuries of colonial rule and migration
Religious Influences
Buddhism and Hinduism have significantly influenced the development and practice of music in Sri Lanka
Kandyan music is closely associated with , the dominant religion in the central highlands
Low Country music has stronger ties to Hinduism, particularly the worship of deities like Murugan and Shiva
Musical traditions have evolved to serve religious purposes, such as accompanying temple rituals, processions, and festivals
Musical Characteristics of Each Tradition
Instruments and Ensembles
Kandyan music prominently features the Geta Beraya, a double-headed drum played with the hands, and the , a larger double-headed drum played with sticks
Other common Kandyan instruments include the (small cymbals) and the (oboe)
Low Country music incorporates the violin, , and Burmese oboe () alongside percussion instruments like the (frame drum) and (cylindrical drum)
Low Country ensembles often include a combination of melodic and rhythmic instruments, reflecting the influence of
Rhythms, Melodies, and Improvisation
Kandyan drumming is characterized by complex rhythmic patterns and improvisation within a structured framework
The most famous Kandyan drum rhythm is the , played at auspicious occasions like weddings and temple ceremonies
Low Country music features intricate melodic ornamentation and improvisation, drawing from South Indian Carnatic music traditions
Low Country compositions often include call-and-response singing between a leader and chorus, as well as devotional songs called or
Dance and Drama Traditions
Kandyan dancing is an integral part of the tradition, featuring elaborate costumes, masks, and acrobatic movements
Kandyan dance is often performed alongside music at temple rituals and processions, such as the
The Low Country tradition includes the , which combines music, dance, and theater to tell stories from Hindu mythology and Sri Lankan folklore
Low Country dance emphasizes graceful, fluid movements and expressive gestures, reflecting the influence of South Indian dance forms like Bharatanatyam
Music's Role in Sri Lankan Culture
Religious Ceremonies and Festivals
Kandyan music is an integral part of the , a grand annual Buddhist procession featuring elephants, dancers, and drummers
Kandyan music and dance are performed at various Buddhist temple rituals, such as the Kohomba Kankariya, to invoke blessings and ward off evil spirits
Low Country music is closely tied to Hindu temple rituals and festivals, such as the honoring the god Murugan
Music and dance are offered as a form of devotion and prayer in both Buddhist and Hindu contexts
Life Cycle Events and Community Celebrations
Both Kandyan and Low Country music are performed at important life cycle events like weddings, coming-of-age ceremonies, and funerals
Music and dance help to mark transitions, celebrate community bonds, and express shared cultural values
Performances at weddings and other auspicious occasions are believed to bring blessings and good fortune to the participants
Music and dance serve as a means of preserving and transmitting cultural heritage across generations
Cultural Identity and Heritage Preservation
Kandyan and Low Country musical traditions are essential components of Sri Lankan
The distinct musical styles, instruments, and performance practices reflect the island's diverse history and
Music and dance serve as a means of preserving and transmitting cultural heritage, religious beliefs, and social values across generations
The Sri Lankan government and cultural institutions have made efforts to support and promote traditional music and dance through education, performance, and documentation
The continued practice and evolution of these musical traditions demonstrate the resilience and adaptability of Sri Lankan culture in the face of historical and social change
Key Terms to Review (29)
Bhajans: Bhajans are devotional songs in Hinduism that express love and reverence for deities, often sung in a call-and-response format. These songs are integral to various cultural practices and religious gatherings, serving to inspire devotion and foster community among participants. In the context of Sri Lankan music, particularly within Kandyan and Low Country traditions, bhajans play a significant role in spiritual and ritualistic practices, reflecting the deep connection between music, worship, and cultural identity.
Buddhist rituals: Buddhist rituals are a set of ceremonial practices and traditions that play a significant role in the spiritual and communal life of Buddhists. These rituals can include chanting, meditation, offerings, and ceremonies associated with various life events, such as births, marriages, and funerals. In Sri Lanka, the Kandyan and Low Country traditions incorporate specific rituals that reflect the teachings of Buddhism and serve to reinforce community ties and cultural identity.
Colonial influence: Colonial influence refers to the impact and changes that occurred in a region due to the control and presence of colonial powers. This influence often transformed local cultures, economies, and social structures, leading to hybrid forms of music, art, and identity. In the context of Sri Lankan music, colonial influence significantly shaped both the Kandyan and Low Country traditions, as European colonizers brought new musical styles, instruments, and concepts that intertwined with indigenous practices.
Cultural exchange: Cultural exchange refers to the process by which different cultures share ideas, traditions, music, and other elements of their societies, leading to mutual influence and enrichment. This interaction can occur through various means such as migration, trade, and technology, allowing cultures to adapt and evolve over time. In particular contexts, cultural exchange plays a crucial role in shaping artistic expressions and global perspectives.
Cultural hybridization: Cultural hybridization is the process through which elements from different cultures blend together to create new cultural forms and practices. This phenomenon occurs in music, art, cuisine, and various aspects of life, resulting in a dynamic fusion that reflects the complexities of globalization and cultural exchange.
Cultural identity: Cultural identity refers to the feeling of belonging to a specific culture, shaped by shared customs, beliefs, language, and traditions. It provides individuals with a sense of self and community, reflecting how they see themselves in relation to their heritage and the world around them. This identity can be expressed through various forms of art, music, and social practices, serving as a powerful means of communication and connection among groups.
Dance drama: Dance drama is a theatrical performance that combines dance, music, and acting to tell a story, often rooted in cultural or historical narratives. This art form is characterized by its expressive movement, elaborate costumes, and integration of various artistic elements, making it a dynamic and immersive experience for audiences. In the context of Sri Lankan traditions, dance drama plays a crucial role in both Kandyan and Low Country performances, each with distinct styles and themes that reflect the rich cultural heritage of the region.
Esala perahera: Esala Perahera is an ancient Buddhist festival celebrated annually in Kandy, Sri Lanka, showcasing a vibrant parade filled with traditional music, dance, and ceremonial offerings. The festival honors the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha, which is paraded through the streets on the back of an elephant, symbolizing respect and devotion to Buddhist heritage. This event incorporates elements of Kandyan and Low Country traditions, making it a significant cultural celebration that highlights the rich artistic expressions of Sri Lankan music and dance.
Geta beraya: Geta beraya is a traditional style of music and dance associated with the low country regions of Sri Lanka, specifically known for its rhythmic and energetic performance. It serves as a crucial element of cultural expression, often performed during festivities and rituals, showcasing intricate footwork and the use of traditional instruments.
Harmonium: The harmonium is a free-standing keyboard instrument that produces sound by forcing air through reeds, often used in various musical traditions across Asia. Its unique sound and versatility make it popular in both religious and folk music settings, connecting to vocal styles and instrumentation that emphasize melodic expression.
Hindu rituals: Hindu rituals are a set of ceremonial acts and practices rooted in the ancient traditions of Hinduism, aimed at honoring deities, celebrating life events, and facilitating spiritual growth. These rituals encompass a wide range of activities, including offerings, prayers, and community gatherings, and are often deeply intertwined with music and dance, especially in cultural expressions like Sri Lankan music, where they manifest in the Kandyan and Low Country traditions. Rituals serve as a medium to connect the material world with the spiritual realm, creating a rich tapestry of cultural identity.
Horanewa: Horanewa is a traditional Sri Lankan dance form that is characterized by its intricate footwork and expressive movements, often performed in the context of ritualistic performances. This dance is primarily associated with the Low Country tradition and serves as a vital cultural expression, showcasing the unique blend of rhythm, music, and storytelling intrinsic to Sri Lankan heritage.
Kandyan Music: Kandyan music is a traditional form of music that originates from the central region of Sri Lanka, characterized by its rhythmic complexity and connection to dance and ritual. It is often performed during religious ceremonies, cultural festivals, and folk celebrations, showcasing vibrant drumming and unique melodic structures. This genre is integral to the cultural identity of the Kandyan people, reflecting the historical and social nuances of Sri Lankan music traditions.
Kavi: Kavi refers to a traditional form of poetry in Sri Lanka that has historical significance in both Kandyan and Low Country music traditions. It serves as a lyrical component that conveys cultural narratives, social themes, and philosophical ideas, often performed in rituals and ceremonies. This poetic form is integral to the musical landscape, enriching the expressive quality of performances and contributing to the cultural identity of Sri Lankan communities.
Kohomba kankariya: Kohomba kankariya is a traditional ritual dance and drumming performance originating from Sri Lanka, specifically associated with the Low Country tradition. It serves not only as an artistic expression but also plays a significant role in spiritual and healing practices, reflecting the cultural heritage of the region. The performance typically involves vibrant costumes, intricate choreography, and ceremonial drumming, often conducted during rituals for health, fertility, and protection against illness.
Kolam dance-drama: Kolam dance-drama is a traditional performance art form from Sri Lanka that blends elements of dance, drama, and music, often depicting stories from Hindu epics and local folklore. This vibrant art form is characterized by its intricate movements, colorful costumes, and the use of masks, highlighting cultural narratives and spiritual themes that resonate with both local and regional audiences.
Low Country Music: Low Country Music refers to a distinct musical tradition from the lowland regions of Sri Lanka, particularly associated with the coastal areas and rural communities. This genre emphasizes vibrant rhythms, dynamic melodies, and often reflects local folklore, rituals, and the everyday life of the people living in these regions, contrasting with the more formalized Kandyan music tradition found in the central highlands.
Magul bera: Magul bera is a traditional Sri Lankan drumming ensemble that is primarily associated with the Low Country dance forms. This percussion-based performance is characterized by its vibrant rhythms and is integral to various ceremonial and festive occasions, including rituals and celebrations in Sri Lankan culture. The ensemble typically features a combination of drums and other percussion instruments, creating a lively and energetic atmosphere.
Naga svaram: Naga svaram is a traditional musical instrument from Sri Lanka, often associated with rituals and ceremonies in the Kandyan and Low Country music traditions. This double-reed wind instrument is made from a variety of materials and is known for its unique sound that plays an essential role in the ceremonial music of Sri Lankan culture. It embodies both the spiritual and cultural elements of performance, often accompanying dancers and other musicians during significant events.
Post-independence: Post-independence refers to the period following a country’s achievement of sovereignty and self-governance, where the focus often shifts towards nation-building, cultural revival, and the development of national identity. This era is crucial for understanding how newly independent nations redefine their cultural expressions, particularly in music and the arts, as they seek to establish a unique national identity distinct from their colonial past.
Rabana: Rabana is a traditional genre of drumming and chant that originates from Sri Lanka, closely associated with the performance practices of the Kandyan and Low Country musical traditions. This rhythmic and melodic form often accompanies rituals, festivals, and ceremonies, making it integral to the cultural expression of these regions. Rabana serves not only as a musical performance but also as a medium for community participation and spiritual connection during significant events.
Regional Variations: Regional variations refer to the differences in musical styles, practices, and traditions that occur within distinct geographical areas. These variations are influenced by cultural, social, historical, and environmental factors unique to each region, resulting in diverse expressions of music that reflect the identity and heritage of the communities involved.
Ritual Performance: Ritual performance refers to a structured, often repeated set of actions or behaviors that hold specific cultural, spiritual, or social significance. In many musical traditions, these performances are integral to ceremonies and events, reinforcing communal identity and beliefs. They often involve specific music, dance, and other artistic expressions that resonate deeply within the community’s cultural framework.
South Indian Carnatic Music: South Indian Carnatic music is a classical music tradition from the southern region of India, characterized by its intricate melodies, rhythmic complexity, and devotional themes. It places a strong emphasis on vocal performance, with instrumental music often serving as accompaniment or as an interpretation of vocal compositions. This tradition is deeply intertwined with the cultural and spiritual practices of the region, often performed in temples and during religious festivals.
Thalampata: Thalampata is a rhythmic pattern used in traditional Sri Lankan music, particularly within the Kandyan and Low Country musical traditions. This term signifies not just a specific rhythmic cycle but also embodies the intricate interplay of rhythm and melody that defines these regional music styles, often performed during rituals, dances, and various ceremonial occasions.
Thammattama: Thammattama refers to a traditional Sri Lankan drum, characterized by its distinct shape and sound, used primarily in ceremonial and religious contexts. It plays a vital role in both Kandyan and Low Country music traditions, where it serves as a rhythmic foundation for various performances, including dance and ritualistic events. The drum embodies cultural heritage and is significant in the social and religious practices of the Sri Lankan people.
Theravada Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism is one of the oldest surviving branches of Buddhism, focusing on the teachings of the historical Buddha and emphasizing personal spiritual development and insight. It is primarily practiced in countries like Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia, and it values the Pali Canon as its authoritative scripture. This form of Buddhism places a strong emphasis on monastic life and the role of monks in guiding laypeople towards enlightenment.
Vel festival: The vel festival is a vibrant and significant Hindu celebration dedicated to the deity Murugan, primarily observed in Sri Lanka and among Tamil communities worldwide. This festival features colorful processions, traditional music, dance, and rituals that honor Murugan's divine presence and seek his blessings. The vel festival showcases the rich cultural heritage of the Kandyan and Low Country music traditions in Sri Lanka, where various musical forms are performed to accompany the festivities.
Yak beraya: Yak beraya refers to a traditional form of Sri Lankan music that is specifically associated with the Low Country and Kandyan dance forms. This style is characterized by its rhythmic structure, intricate footwork, and strong cultural ties to ceremonial performances. It often plays an essential role in rituals, festivals, and dramatic presentations, showcasing the rich heritage of Sri Lankan performing arts.