upgrade

🗺️world geography review

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)

Written by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated September 2025
Written by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated September 2025

Definition

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) refers to tax avoidance strategies used by multinational corporations to shift profits from high-tax jurisdictions to low or no-tax jurisdictions, ultimately eroding the tax base of the countries where they operate. This practice results in significant revenue losses for governments and raises concerns about fair taxation in a globalized economy, especially as economic globalization enables companies to operate across multiple countries with varying tax regulations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. BEPS strategies can significantly undermine the tax revenues of governments, leading to budget deficits and reduced public services.
  2. The OECD introduced the BEPS Action Plan in 2013, consisting of 15 actions designed to combat tax avoidance by multinational corporations.
  3. Countries have started implementing measures based on the OECD's recommendations to increase transparency and limit aggressive tax planning.
  4. BEPS is not illegal; it involves exploiting gaps and mismatches in tax rules across different jurisdictions, raising ethical concerns about corporate responsibility.
  5. International cooperation among countries is crucial in addressing BEPS, as unilateral actions can lead to trade tensions and further complicate global economic relations.

Review Questions

  • How does base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) impact the tax revenues of different countries?
    • Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) has a profound impact on the tax revenues of countries, especially those with higher tax rates. Multinational corporations employ BEPS strategies to shift profits to low-tax jurisdictions, resulting in significant revenue losses for the countries where these companies generate their income. This practice creates inequities in the global tax system and puts pressure on governments to rethink their tax policies in order to maintain fair competition and secure adequate funding for public services.
  • Discuss the role of the OECD in combating BEPS and its significance for global economic fairness.
    • The OECD plays a pivotal role in combating base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) through its Action Plan, which aims to address tax avoidance strategies used by multinational corporations. By developing 15 actionable measures, the OECD provides guidelines for countries to enhance transparency, close loopholes, and strengthen international tax rules. This collaborative effort is significant for global economic fairness, as it seeks to ensure that companies pay taxes where they conduct business, thereby promoting a level playing field and reducing competitive disadvantages for smaller businesses.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of current international efforts against BEPS and suggest potential improvements for global taxation systems.
    • Current international efforts against BEPS have made strides in raising awareness and encouraging collaboration among nations, but challenges remain in enforcement and compliance. While measures from the OECD have been adopted by many countries, the effectiveness is hampered by variations in implementation and differing national interests. To improve global taxation systems, there could be more stringent agreements on minimum corporate tax rates, enhanced data sharing among countries regarding corporate earnings, and stronger penalties for non-compliance. These steps would foster greater accountability among multinational corporations and help restore integrity to the global tax system.