Age of Enlightenment

Definition

The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the late 17th to the 18th century that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. This era played a critical role in shaping modern political thought, particularly regarding human rights, governance, and the social contract, which are foundational to American constitutionalism.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Key figures of the Enlightenment include philosophers like John Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, whose ideas influenced democratic principles.
2. The Enlightenment challenged the divine right of kings and promoted the idea that government should be based on the consent of the governed.
3. Enlightenment thinkers advocated for freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and the separation of powers within government.
4. The principles established during this era laid the groundwork for revolutionary movements, including the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
5. The Age of Enlightenment fostered a belief in progress and human potential, shaping educational reform and the rise of scientific inquiry.

Review Questions

• How did the Age of Enlightenment influence concepts of governance in America?
  • The Age of Enlightenment introduced ideas about democracy and individual rights that greatly influenced American governance. Philosophers like John Locke argued for natural rights and government by consent, which inspired the Founding Fathers in drafting key documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. This emphasis on reason and rationality helped establish a government framework that prioritized individual liberties and representative democracy.
• In what ways did Enlightenment thought challenge traditional authority in society?
  • Enlightenment thought significantly challenged traditional authority by questioning long-held beliefs about monarchy and church governance. Thinkers like Voltaire criticized dogma and promoted freedom of expression, while Montesquieu’s separation of powers concept undermined the notion of absolute rule. These challenges laid a foundation for modern democratic systems that prioritize reason over tradition and advocate for individual rights against oppressive structures.
• Evaluate how the principles of the Age of Enlightenment continue to impact contemporary political systems.
  • The principles of the Age of Enlightenment have a lasting impact on contemporary political systems by establishing foundational concepts such as democracy, human rights, and secular governance. Today, many democratic nations incorporate ideas from this era into their legal frameworks and civic practices, emphasizing the importance of rational discourse and individual freedoms. Moreover, ongoing discussions around civil liberties and social justice reflect Enlightenment ideals, illustrating their relevance in addressing modern societal issues.

Related terms

Social Contract:

A theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to surrender some freedoms to authority in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.

Natural Rights:

Rights that are not dependent on laws or customs and are universally applicable to all human beings, often associated with life, liberty, and property.

Rationalism: The belief that reason and logical analysis are the primary sources of knowledge, particularly in moral and political matters.