College Physics II – Mechanics, Sound, Oscillations, and Waves
Definition
Phases of matter describe the distinct forms that different states of matter take on. The primary phases include solid, liquid, and gas, each with unique properties and behaviors under various conditions.
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In a solid phase, particles are tightly packed in a fixed structure, leading to a definite shape and volume.
Liquids have particles that are less tightly packed than solids, allowing them to flow and take the shape of their container while maintaining a constant volume.
Gases have widely spaced particles that move freely, allowing them to fill the entire volume of their container.
Phase transitions occur when matter changes from one phase to another due to temperature or pressure changes (e.g., melting, boiling).
The behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) is governed by principles such as Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle, and Bernoulli's equation.
Review Questions
What distinguishes the particle arrangement in solids from liquids?
How do gases differ from liquids in terms of particle movement and container volume?
What phase transition occurs when a liquid becomes a gas?
Related terms
Density: Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, often expressed in kilograms per cubic meter ($\text{kg/m}^3$).
Pressure: Pressure is the force exerted per unit area on the surface of an object, measured in Pascals ($\text{Pa}$).
Buoyancy: Buoyancy refers to the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object placed in it. It determines whether an object will float or sink.