Epicurus

Definition

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded a school of philosophy known as Epicureanism in the 4th century BCE. His teachings emphasized the pursuit of happiness through the cultivation of friendships, the enjoyment of simple pleasures, and the avoidance of pain, which aligned with broader Hellenistic themes that focused on personal well-being and ethical living.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Epicurus taught that pleasure is achieved by living a modest life and focusing on intellectual pleasures rather than excessive indulgence.
2. He believed that fear of death and the afterlife caused unnecessary suffering, advocating instead for acceptance of mortality as part of life.
3. Epicurus established his school, The Garden, where he welcomed followers from all social classes, promoting a community focused on philosophical inquiry and friendship.
4. His philosophy emphasized the importance of self-reflection and the pursuit of knowledge to overcome fear and anxiety.
5. Epicurus's teachings were often misunderstood as promoting hedonism in its extreme form; however, he argued for a balanced approach to pleasure that included mental and emotional well-being.

Review Questions

• How does Epicurus's idea of pleasure differ from traditional views of hedonism?
  • Epicurus's idea of pleasure is rooted in moderation and the pursuit of simple joys rather than indulgence in excess. Unlike traditional hedonism, which can be associated with reckless pleasure-seeking, Epicurus emphasized intellectual enjoyment and the cultivation of meaningful relationships as key components to a happy life. This perspective encourages individuals to seek lasting fulfillment through moderation and wisdom rather than fleeting pleasures.
• Discuss how Epicurus's philosophy addresses the concept of fear regarding death and how it contributes to achieving ataraxia.
  • Epicurus tackled the fear of death by asserting that death is simply the cessation of consciousness and therefore should not be feared. By understanding that death is not an experience that can bring pain or suffering, individuals can achieve ataraxia—a tranquil state free from anxiety. This shift in perspective allows people to focus on enjoying life in the present moment without the burdensome worry about what comes after.
• Evaluate how Epicureanism aligns with or contrasts against other Hellenistic philosophies like Stoicism and Cynicism in their views on happiness and ethics.
  • Epicureanism contrasts with Stoicism by advocating for pleasure as central to happiness, while Stoicism teaches that virtue and reason should guide one's actions regardless of pleasure. Additionally, while Cynicism promotes a rejection of societal norms to achieve happiness through simplicity, Epicureanism suggests enjoying life’s simple pleasures within a framework of friendship and community. Despite their differences, all three philosophies emphasize personal ethics and the pursuit of a fulfilling life, showcasing varying paths to achieving well-being.

Related terms

Hedonism: A philosophical theory that argues pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Ataraxia: A state of serene calmness and freedom from emotional disturbance, which Epicurus viewed as essential for achieving happiness.

Materialism: The belief that physical matter is the only or fundamental reality, a view that influenced Epicurus's understanding of the universe and human existence.