Breast cancer

Definition

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops from the cells of the breast tissue, and it can occur in both men and women, though it is far more common in women. Understanding the genetics and molecular mechanisms behind breast cancer is crucial, as mutations in specific genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly increase an individual's risk of developing the disease. Research into these genetic factors provides insights into potential targeted therapies and preventative measures.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer diagnosed in women worldwide, accounting for about 25% of all cancer cases.
2. The majority of breast cancers are classified as ductal carcinomas, which start in the milk ducts, but there are also lobular carcinomas that begin in the lobules where milk is produced.
3. Risk factors for breast cancer include genetic predisposition (e.g., BRCA mutations), age, family history, hormonal factors, and lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise.
4. Molecular profiling of breast tumors can help determine the subtype of breast cancer and guide treatment options, including targeted therapies and chemotherapy.
5. Early detection through screening methods like mammograms can significantly improve prognosis, allowing for earlier treatment and better outcomes.

Review Questions

• How do mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 contribute to the development of breast cancer?
  • Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 impair the body's ability to repair damaged DNA, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. These genes are crucial for maintaining genomic stability; when they are altered, the risk of developing breast cancer increases significantly. Individuals with these mutations often undergo genetic testing to assess their risk and may consider preventive measures such as mastectomy.
• What role do oncogenes play in the progression of breast cancer?
  • Oncogenes contribute to the progression of breast cancer by promoting uncontrolled cell division when they are mutated or overexpressed. For example, HER2 is an oncogene that can be overexpressed in some aggressive forms of breast cancer. Targeting oncogenes with specific therapies can help inhibit tumor growth and improve patient outcomes.
• Evaluate the impact of molecular profiling on treatment decisions for breast cancer patients.
  • Molecular profiling has revolutionized treatment decisions for breast cancer patients by enabling healthcare providers to identify specific genetic alterations within tumors. This information helps categorize the cancer into subtypes, guiding targeted therapies like hormone blockers or HER2 inhibitors. As a result, patients receive more personalized treatment plans that enhance effectiveness and minimize unnecessary side effects, leading to improved overall survival rates.

Related terms

BRCA1: A gene that, when mutated, increases the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers, playing a crucial role in DNA repair.

Oncogenes: Genes that have the potential to cause cancer when mutated or expressed at high levels, leading to uncontrolled cell division.

Tumor Suppressor Genes: Genes that help regulate cell growth and division; mutations in these genes can lead to the development of tumors.