Natural rights

Definition

Natural rights are fundamental human rights that individuals possess simply by being human, not granted by any government or authority. These rights are often viewed as inalienable and include the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The concept of natural rights is essential in discussions about governance, individual freedoms, and the moral foundations of political systems.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Thomas Paine's 'Common Sense' argues that government should protect natural rights and that any government failing to do so is illegitimate.
2. The idea of natural rights was central to the American Revolution, inspiring colonists to seek independence from British rule.
3. Natural rights are not limited to political freedoms but extend to economic and social aspects of life as well.
4. Paine believed that recognizing natural rights was crucial for establishing a just society, and he encouraged people to understand their inherent entitlements.
5. Natural rights philosophy influenced key documents like the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal and endowed with unalienable rights.

Review Questions

• How did Thomas Paine’s views on natural rights shape his arguments in 'Common Sense'?
  • In 'Common Sense', Thomas Paine emphasized that natural rights are inherent to all individuals and must be defended against tyranny. He argued that the government exists to protect these rights, particularly life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. By highlighting the failure of British rule to respect these natural rights, Paine galvanized public opinion towards independence, framing it as a moral necessity.
• Analyze how the concept of natural rights influenced revolutionary thought during the American Revolution.
  • The concept of natural rights provided a philosophical foundation for revolutionary thought during the American Revolution. Thinkers like Paine and Locke argued that governments are legitimate only if they protect these fundamental rights. This idea motivated colonists to reject British authority, viewing their struggle as a fight for their inherent freedoms. The emphasis on natural rights justified the call for independence and laid the groundwork for democratic principles in the new nation.
• Evaluate the lasting impact of natural rights philosophy on modern democratic governance.
  • Natural rights philosophy continues to have a profound impact on modern democratic governance by shaping principles of individual freedom and human rights. The belief that certain rights are inalienable influences contemporary legal frameworks and international human rights treaties. Furthermore, debates around civil liberties, social justice, and government accountability often reference natural rights as a foundational aspect of what constitutes a fair and just society. This philosophy has helped promote an understanding that individual dignity is paramount in governance worldwide.

Related terms

social contract: An implicit agreement among individuals to form a society and abide by its rules, often used to justify the authority of governments in relation to natural rights.

unalienable rights: Rights that cannot be surrendered or transferred, often associated with natural rights and highlighted in foundational documents like the Declaration of Independence.

John Locke:

A philosopher who significantly influenced the idea of natural rights, arguing that they are inherent to all individuals and must be protected by government.